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Anaesthesia > Farm Animal Anaesthesia > Flashcards

Farm Animal Anaesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

Give some examples of procedures performed under GA in farm animals..

A 
Umbilical hernia repair
Urethrostomy
Orthopaedic
Enucleation
Median laparotomy
Dehorning
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2
Q

Give examples of common procedures performed under standing sedation in farm animals…

A 
Flank laparotomy 
C-section
RDA, LDA
Rumenotomy
Declaw
Dehorn
Teat surgery
Castration
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3
Q

What are the main preanaesthetic considerations in ruminants?

A 
Manual handling and restraint
Accurate weight
Regurgitation
Salivation
Fluid and electrolye problmes
Bloat
Hypotension
Hypoventilation
Myopathy
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4
Q

What can cause regurgitation in farm animal anaesthesia?

A

Light plane of anaesthesia at intubation

Cardia relaxation during deep anaesthesia

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5
Q

Why is regurgitation a problem/

A

Aspiration pneumonia can be fatal

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6
Q

How can you minimise the risks of aspiration pneumonia due to regurgitation during anaesthesia of farm animals?

A
  1. Reduce rumen fill (starve 18-24 hours)
  2. Reduce rumen water (remove for 12 hours)
  3. Good depth of anaesthesia when intubating
  4. Well fitted ET tube
  5. Immediae cuff infation
  6. Position of head
  7. Stomach tube
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7
Q

Preanaesthetic considerations in terms of salivation for ruminants

A

Large volume produced
Aspiration at intubation
Buffer for rumen function - may have electrolyte imbalance (HCO3-)
Treat with atropine to make mucous thicker? Controversial

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8
Q

Preanaesthetic considerations in terms of bloat for ruminants

A

Fermentation produces large gas volime
No eructation when anaesthetised
Position important
Reduces functional residual capacity (FRC)
Reduces venous return
Continued fermentation can lead to pH shift and atony

Prevent:
Adequate starvation and water witholding time
Placement of rumen tube/trochar to evacuate gas

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9
Q

Preanaesthetic considerations in terms of hypotension for ruminants

A

Less likely than horses
Deep planes of anaesthesia
Support required (IV fluids)
Inotropic drugs limited in food producing animals

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10
Q

Preanaesthetic considerations in terms of hypertension for ruminants

A

Adult cattle

High CO2
Hypoventilation
Superficial inefficient breaths under anaesthetic

Changeover from parasympathetic to sympathetic dominance as a result of anaesthesia

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11
Q

Preanaesthetic considerations in terms of hypoventilation and hypoxaemia in ruminants

A

Increased CO2 levels and decreased O2 levels (IPPV often required)

Less fibrous tissue connective tissue = airway damage during IPPV if pressure high

Drug induced respiratory depression

Chemoreceptor depression

Large rumen
Small tidal volume
Increased rate
Reduction in FRC
V/Q mismatch
Decreased venous return
Decreased CO
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12
Q

Preanaesthetic considerations in terms of myopathy/neuropathy in ruminants

A

Less prone to myopathy than horses

Neuropathy more common (facial nerve paralysis)

Prevent:
Positioning, passing, oxygenation, perfusion

Slow recovery = give Mg to aid recovery as may have hypomagnesaemia

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13
Q

What sedatives can be used in farm animals? What are the effects associated?

A

Alpha 2 agonists
Xylazine
Detomidine

Sedation, anxiolysis, recumbency, analgesia, muscle relaxation

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14
Q

What are the side effects of using alpha 2 agonists as sedatives in ruminants?

A

Pulmonary oedema (sheep and goats) xylazine bronchoconstriction

Reduces eructation

Reduces swallowing (saliva in oropharynx)

Copious urine production

Oxytocin like effect = uterine contraction

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15
Q

What drugs are used for induction in ruminants?

A

Ketamine IV or IM
Excellent analgesic
Muscle rigidity
Laryngeal reflex remains

Thiopentone IV
Fast acting
Unlicensed
Irritant if extravascular 
Prolonged recovery
Not in thin animals as accumulates in fatty tissue so ↑ overdose
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16
Q

What drugs can be used for analgesia in ruminants?

A 
Licensed NSAIDs (cattle only)
Meloxicam
Flunixin
Ketoprofen
Carprofen
Tolfenamic Acid
Metamizol

Opioids (none licensed in UK)
Butorphanol under cascade

Local anaesthetics
Procaine
Lidocaine under cascade

17
Q

What farm animals can be masked down?

A

Small ruminants can use isoflurane under the cascase

18
Q

What vessel can be used for venous access in farm animals?

A

Jugular
Tail
Cephalic
Milk

19
Q

What blocks can be used for local anaesthesia of the head?

A

Infraorbital
Mental
Cornual

20
Q

What can you used for local anaesthesia before an ocular operation in the farm animal?

A

Retrobulbar

Peterson’s

21
Q

What analgesia can be used for limb surgery in the farm animal?

A

Perineural infusion
Ring infiltration
IVRA (Bier’s Block)

Bier’s block –> tourniquet around limb then lidocaine administered.

Left on for no more than 2-3 hours. Don’t remove too quickly or get cardiotoxicity (drug returns to heart too quickly).

22
Q

What local anaesthesia can you use for the caudal body of farm animals?

A

Epidural
Pudendal
Intra-testicular

23
Q

What can you use for local anaesthesia of the body of farm animals?

A 
Line block
Teat block
Inverted L-block
Paravertebral block
Segemental lumbar epidural block
24
Q

What are the anaesthetic risks associated with camelids?

A 
Bloat
Regurgitation
Tympany
Salivation
Oligate nose-breathers
Stomach ulcers
25
Q

Where do you place a catheter in a camelid?

A

Aim below C5 or high angle at mandible

Right side preferred to avoid oesophagus

26
Q

What are the problems associated with placing catheters in camelids?

A

Thick skin
No jugular groove
Cervical lateral processes cover vein

27
Q

What are the issues with camelid intubation?

A 
Larynx relatively far back
Sternal positioning important
Salivation = keep head down/suction
Protect eyes (ulcer if get saliva in them)
28
Q

What drugs can be used in camelids for:

  1. Sedation
  2. Induction
  3. Maintence
A
  1. Benzodiazepines, xylazine
  2. Propofol, ketamine
  3. Sevoflurane, isoflur
29
Q

What drugs can be used for analgesia in camelids?

A 
NSAIDs
Butorphanol
Buprenorphine
Pethidine, Morphine
Methdone
Nerve blocks
30
Q

How is camelid recovery of anaesthesia carried out?

A 
Sternal recumbency
Should eructate to prevent bloat
Don't remove ET tube until chewing
Keep cuff inflated
Extubate with cuff partially inflated
Suction prior to extubation
31
Q

What are the issues associated with porcine anaesthesia?

A 
IV access problematic
Handling difficulties
Snare 
Vomiting
Difficult to intubate
Prone to temperature fluctuations
Susceptible to malignant hyperthermia
32
Q

What drugs would you used to sedate pigs?

A 
Azaperone
Alpha 2 agonstis
- Xylazine
- May cause vomiting
- With ketamine and butorphanol for sedation/field anaesthesia
33
Q

Which drugs should be used for induction in pigs?

A

Ketamine

Thiopental

34
Q

What drugs would you use for analgesia in the pig?

A 
Butorphanol (cascade)
Flunixin
Ketoprofen
Meloxicam
Lidocaine
35
Q

How would you intubate pigs?

A

Use small tube

Visualise with laryngoscope

Small pigs = sternal recumbency

Large pigs = sternal or dorsal recumbency

36
Q

What is a specific problem concerning anaesthesia in pigs? What is the cause and clinical signs?

A

Malignant Hyperthermia

Ryanodine receptor alteration causing calcium ion efflux from the sarcoplasmic reticulum causing muscle contraction and heat production.

Triggered by inhalation agents, stress, caffeine and suxamethonium.

Clinical signs = Muscle rigidity, hot skin, tachypnoea and tachycardia, high core temperature and etCO2

37
Q

How do you treat malignant hyperthermia?

A 
Remove trigger
Active cooling
IV fluids
Ventilation
Bicarbonate to reduce acidosis
Dantrolene 10mg/kg

Anaesthesia (9 decks)

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