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URI2 > Farm animal > Flashcards

Farm animal Flashcards

1
Q

Name the Leptospira serovars that affect the urinary tract in cattle

A
  • Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo-bovis

- Leptospira interrogans serovar harjo-prajitno

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2
Q

Describe the clinical signs of chronic leptospirosis in cattle

A
  • Reproductive signs
  • Abort in late stage, 12 weeks after infection
  • Reduced fertility
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3
Q

Describe the clinical signs of acute leptospirosis in cattle

A
  • Rare, not often seen
  • Often sub-clinical
  • Flabby bag: sudden milk drop, pyrexia, milk has very high cell count
  • abort after infection
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4
Q

What are the risk factors for leptospirosis in cattle?

A
  • Open herds
  • Shared bulls (venereal spread)
  • Shared watercourses
  • Sheep (shed lepto in low numbers, low risk)
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5
Q

Describe the transmission of leptospirosis in cattle

A
  • Shed in urine
  • Increased shedding when fresh grazing (pH of urine)
  • Absorbed across MM
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6
Q

How is lepto diagnosed in cattle?

A
  • ELISA: monitoring, bulk milk ELISA available

- Microscopic agglutination test for suspected acute cases

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7
Q

Outline the treatment and prevention of lepto in cattle

A
  • Vaccine: limits shedding, improves fertility at herd level, protects staff
  • Treatment: rarely needed, supportive and antibiotics (penstrep, oxytet) in acute cases
  • Prevention: biosecurity, reduce risk factors e.g. bulls, vaccinate
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8
Q

What is a key differential for methaemoglobinaemia in cattle?

A

Nitrate poisoning, also causes brown MM

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9
Q

List the differentials for haemturia/pigmenturia in cattle

A
  • Babesiosis
  • Bacillary haemoglobinuria (clostridium haemolyticum)
  • Periparturient haemoglobinuria
  • Acute bracken poisoning
  • Copper toxicity
  • Kale poisoning
  • Enzootic haematuria
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Urinary calculi
  • Other tumours
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10
Q

List the differentials for pyuria in cattle

A
  • Cystitis
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Repro tract origin e.g. endometritis, vaginitis
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11
Q

Describe the diagnosis of pyelonephritis in cattle

A
  • Vaginal exam to rule out repro cause
  • Catheterisation for urine sample
  • Ultrasonography: pus in rule out cystitis, repro cause
  • Biochem to determine if kidney affected (creatinine looked at, not urea in ruminants)
  • Pyrexia
  • Painful, swollen kidney on rectal exam
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12
Q

Describe the treatment of pyelonephritis in cattle and name the most common causative pathogen

A
  • Penicillin or amoxicillin
  • Long duration - 10 days
  • Consider pen+strep to cover for G-ve
  • Most common pathogen is Corynebacerium renale
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13
Q

List the differentials for a cow that is losing weigh, no diarrhoea, clinical exam NAD

A
  • Johne’s (but would expected diarrhoea)

- Protein losing nephropathy (rare in cattle)

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14
Q

Compare the site, nature and animals affected by uroliths in cattle and sheep

A

Cattle: distal sigmoid flexure, single large stones, usually feed lot calves

Sheep: vermiform appendage, mutliple small stones/grit, usually pet ruminants on small holdings or pedigree male replacements

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15
Q

List the differentials for abdominal discomfort and straining and sheep and cattle

A
  • GIT: scour, rectal/anal trauma, rectal/anal obstruction, constipation
  • UG tract: calving, cystitis, obstruction (traumatic, neoplastic, urolithiasis)
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16
Q

List the major abdomial organ systems/pathologies that may be associated with abdominal discomfort and distension in ruminants

A
  • Ruminal
  • Abomasal
  • Intestinal
  • Uterine
  • Hepatic/ascites
  • CHF
  • Urinary
17
Q

List the major differentials for abdominal oedema in ruminants

A
  • Trauma/haematoma
  • Hypoproteinaemia
  • CHF
  • Urethral rupture
18
Q

List the diagnostic techniques/findings that may be used to investigate suspected urolithiasis in ruminants

A
  • Physical examination
  • Abdominal ultrasonography
  • Blood biochem
  • Abdominal paracentesis
19
Q

Describe the typical findings expected with urolithiasis in a ruminant

A
  • Blood clots and crystals on preputial hairs, urethra may pulsate on palpation
  • Enlarged kidneys/hydronephrosis
  • Enlarged bladder
  • Location of kidneys
  • Uroperitoneum
20
Q

Describe the typical findings expected with renal failure/obstruction/bladder rupture in a ruminant

A
  • HypoNa
  • HypoCl
  • HyperPhos
  • Azotaemia and hyperK variable
21
Q

Outline the medical managment of urolithiasis

A
  • Surgical required, medical rarely sufficient
  • Fluids: 0.9% saline
  • Antibiotics: penicillin
  • NSAIDs with care
  • Sedation: xylazine
22
Q

List the surgical techniques for the management of urolithiasis in ruminants

A
  • Amputation of vermiform appendage in sheep
  • Perineal urethrostomy
  • Tube cystotomy
23
Q

Describe amputation of the vermiform appendage for the treatment of urolithiasis in sheep
(describe anaesthesia, pros, cons, post-op care, implications)

A

Anaesthesia:
- lumbosacral epidural _ diazepam

Pros:

  • Quick, easy, cheap
  • works in 50% of cases

Cons

  • Doesn’t work in 50% of cases
  • Sheep and goats only
  • Temporary haemospermia
  • Decreased fertility for 14 days

Post op

  • Sexual rest 14 days
  • Monitor recurrence (common)
  • ABs and NSAIDs

Prognosis

  • Prognosis reasonable for 50% where it works
  • Recurrence likely
24
Q

Describe perineal urethrostomy for the treatment of urolithiasis in sheep
(describe anaesthesia, pros, cons, post-op care, prognosis)

A

Anaesthesia

  • Epidural
  • Or sedation + local
  • Or GA

Pros

  • Traditional method
  • Fairly easy

Cons

  • Stricture of stoma or recurrence of obstruction
  • Loss of breeding ability
  • Urine burn of skin

Post op

  • Monitor for recurrence (common)
  • AB and NSAID
  • Treat urine burns

Prognosis

  • Recurrence likely
  • Stricture of stoma
25
Q

Describe tube cystostomy for the treatment of urolithiasis in sheep
(describe anaesthesia, pros, cons, post-op care, implications)

A

Anaesthesia

  • Epidural
  • Or sedation + local
  • Or GA

Pros

  • Good success rates in small ruminants
  • Maintains breeding potential

Cons

  • Relies on passive clearing of calculi
  • Post op hospitalisation essential to monitor

Post op

  • Buster collar
  • Hospitalise to monitor patency of urethra
  • Removal of catheter

Prognosis
- Generally good if blockage clears post-op

26
Q

Discuss the prevention of urolithiasis in ruminants

A
  • No more than 0.6% P or Mg in ration
  • Ca:P ratio at least 2-2.5:1
    Care with bran, linseed cake, skim milk powder, brewers grains
  • Do not feed ewe nuts to rams
  • Add calcium to restore ratio (care - may lead to CaCO3 stones)
  • Add salt (up to 3-5% DMI as NaCl) to increase diuresis
  • Keep pH below 6.5
  • Feed frequently rather than once/twice a day
  • Include roughage and reduce pelleting to increase rumination and salivation to increase faecal excretion of phos rather than urinary

URI2 (9 decks)

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