Farm Flashcards

Question

Classification and scoring of digital dermatitis in cattle

Answer 1

M0: normal digit skin without signs of DD M1: Early small circumscribed red to grey epithelial defect less than 2cm M2: Acute active ulcerative (bright red) or granulomatous (red-grey) digital skin changes, greater than 2cm diameter M3: healing stage within 1-2 days after topical therapy, where the acute DD lesion has covered itself with a firm scab M4: late chronic lesion, may be dyskeratotic (mostly thickened epithelium) or proliferative, or both M4.1: Chronically affected foot that displays M4 stage in addition to M1 stage

Answer 2

Routine 1. trim toe length to 8.5cm approx 2. match untrimmed claw 3. dish soles Corrective 4. relieve weight off painful claw 5. remove loose/underrun horn and hard ridges

Answer 3

BVDv IBR Leptospirosis Neospora caninum Salmonella Brucellosis Nutritional deficiencies Mycotoxin exposure Stress-related

Answer 4

Impact dependent on if previous exposure – little impact if previously endemic, can be much more severe in naïve herds Depends on time of year if block calving Calves: immunosuppression so increased incidence of pneumonia and diarrhoea, or type II disease - rare thrombocytopaenia and death Non-pregnant: transient diarrhoea, milk drop, pyrexia, often unnoticed Pregnant <2mo: foetal death and resorption, barren, returns, irregular intervals 2-4mo: PI – unthrifty, small, illness – mutates to cytopathic version causing mucosal disease -> death >4mo: normal calves or birth defects

Answer 5

Bulk milk PCR – actively circulating or PI presence Bulk milk serology – will show exposure but careful if vaccinated Serology of individuals – care as PIs antibody negative Tagging and testing of new born calves

Answer 6

* PI hunt and cull - if calf not PI then mother won't be so start with youngstock and then test any PIs mothers, and any without youngstock * Tag and test newborns * Introduce vaccination policy to reduce signs in acutely affected animals * Small group serology for monitoring – 5 aged 6-9mo * Biosecurity – purchase from accredited stocks to prevent reintroduction

Answer 7

* Stillbirth: causes of abortion, prolonged dystocia, dietary insufficiencies * Dystocia: hypoxia and acidosis, oedema of extremities, injuries (fractured ribs, liver rupture, splenic rupture, meningeal haemorrhage) – increased risk of physical injury, failure to get colostrum, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, predation * Hypothermia: esp if low birthweight, poor maternal behaviour, weather conditions, weak lamb * Hypoglycaemia * Physical trauma: maternal trampling or overlying * Watery mouth: non-enteropathogenic E. coli * E. coli diarrhoea or septicaemia * Schmallenberg * Navel ill (omphalophlebitis) * Joint ill * Drunken lamb syndrome (maybe a little older) – metabolic acidosis of unknown origin * Lamb dysentery – Clostridium perfringens type B, large well grown lambs * Septicaemic pasteurellosis

Answer 8

Sheep scab - psoroptes ovis Lice infestation - bovicola ovis Sarcoptic mange Fly strike - blow flies Scrapie (TSE) Mineral deficiencies e.g. copper

Answer 9

* Overstocking of fatteners, fed on high fat diet * Fighting * Grease * Damage to ears * Secondary infection – staph hyicus and aureus, trapped under greasy layer * Biting from pen mates makes it worse * Concurrent disease like PCV and PRRS

Answer 10

Toxoplasma gondii Chlamydia abortus (enzootic abortion) Campylobacter spp. Listeria monocytogenes Salmonella spp. Border disease Schmallenberg virus Brucella ovis Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)

Answer 11

Overcrowding Lack of environmental enrichment Poor ventilation Imbalanced diets (e.g., salt deficiency) Boredom/stress Inadequate feed/water access

Answer 12

BRSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) PI3 (Parainfluenza 3) IBR (BHV-1) BVD (immunosuppression) Mycoplasma bovis Pasteurella multocida Mannheimia haemolytica