FAR 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is included in OCI?
A
Foreign currency translation adjustments. Pension plan adjustments, unrealized gains and losses on available for sale financial (securities) assets, effective portion of gain losses on hedging instruments (cashflow hedges). Most are non cash, volatile, temporary.
2
Q
freight out is considered what type of expense?
A
freight out is a selling expense
3
Q
the direct method of the exchange rate involves quoting the home currency in:
A
one unit of the foreign currency
4
Q
simple capital structure =
A
an entity that only isues common stock
5
Q
How are stock dividends received recorded?
A
There is no impact to record other than your amount of shares went up and decreases the cost basis per share, they are not income.
6
Q
Where do cash payments made to reduce debt principle get recorded on the cashflow statement?
A
Financing Activity
6
Q
Where do Interest income and expense get recorded on the cashflow?
A
Operating Activity
7
Q
Does comprehensive income include owner investments or distributions?
A
No
8
Q
When do dividends become a liability on the books of the issuing company?
A
When they are declared, not issued.
9
Q
What does comprehensive income include?
A
Net Income and Other Comprehensive Income
10
Q
When calculating weighted average common shares outstanding how are stock splits and reverse stock splits treated?
A
Treated as if they happened at the very beginning of the period.
11
Q
Where does the gain/loss on the sale of treasury stock go?
A
Gain/loss goes to APIC - Treasury Stock, or if there is not enough APIC it would be subtracted from RE. RE cannot increase from Treasury stock transactions.
12
Q
Which companies are required to have EPS disclosures?
A
All companies with publicly traded stock, potential common stock, companies in the process of preparation for public sale of common stock
13
Q
Common stock and preferred stock are recorded at
A
par value, any excess of par goes to APIC
14
Q
EDGAR stands for
A
Electronic Data Gathering Analysis and Retrieval System
15
Q
Stockholders Equity is impacted by Treasury Stock as a
A
reduction
16
Q
Available for Sale debt securities unrealized gains and losses are recorded in
A
Other Comprehensive Income
17
Q
Trading securities (a company plans to buy and sell in the near term) realized and unrealized gains and losses are recorded
A
on the Income Statement
18
Q
Stock buy backs are shown on what part of the cashflow
A
financing outflow
19
Q
What is the difference between small stock dividend and large stock dividend
A
One is 25% or less and the other is 20% or more
20
Q
Small stock dividends are not expected to
A
impact the market price of the stock
21
Q
Investments in equity securities are carried at
A
fair value through net income and included in earnings as they occur.
22
Q
what are the sizes of filers and their time to file the K?
A
large accelerated +700M 60/40, accelerated +75M 75/40, non-accelerated -75M 90/45
23
Q
How do you calculate basic EPS
A
(net income - preferred dividends)/WACSO
24
How do you calculate Diluted EPS?
(Net Income + interest on dilutive securities)/WACSO that includes all dilutive securities converted into common stock
25
What are the causes of a change to retained earnings?
Net Income, dividends declared, prior period adjustments (net of tax), accounting changes (net of tax)
26
What are the advantages of preferred stock over common?
Dividends (cumulative better than non), participating (in net income/non), liquidation priority on assets
27
What is the advantage of cumulative preferred stock over non?
It is more valuable because it has the ability to accumulate dividends and is ahead of the line when the Company makes a dividend payment.
28
What is participating preferred stock?
Participating preferred stock can share in excess dividends and this participation can be full or partial.
29
How is mandatory redeemable preferred stock booked on the balance sheet?
As a liability
30
What happens when dividends are declared?
They are reported as a liability
31
Are treasury stocks impacted by stock splits?
Yes
32
Which inventory method would result in lower cogs in inflationary times?
FIFO would result in lower inventory turnover and cogs assuming prices are rising
33
How do you calculate COGS from your inventory balances?
Beginning Inventory + Purchases - ending inventory = COGS
34
How are precious metals and farm products valued in inventory?
They are valued at Net Realizable Value (NRV = Sales Price - cost to sell (dispose))
35
Which inventory methodology is calculated the same whether it is perpetual or periodic?
FIFO
36
How do you calculate inventory turnover?
COGS/average inventory
37
Net Profit Margin is calculated as:
Net Income/Net Sales
38
How do you calculate the Current Ratio?
Current Assets/Current Liabilities
39
How do you calculate Times Interest Earned?
EBIT/Interest Expense
40
How do you calculate Total Debt Ratio?
Total Liabilities/Total Assets
41
How do you calculate Quick Ratio (Acid Test Ratio)?
Cash+Net AR+Marketable Securities/ Current Liabilities
42
How do you calculate Return on Assets?
Net Income/Average Total Assets
43
What is a bill and hold Arrangement?
When a seller bills the customer for the product but has not delivered the item to the customer, but the customer has obtained control of the product prior to delivery/while still in possession of the seller.
44
When does a customer obtain control?
The product was identified as belonging to the customer, the product was ready to be transferred to the customer, the seller is not using the product for another customer, there is an arrangement the customer has agreed to.
45
What is a change of LIFO from another inventory accounting method considered?
It is considered a change in accounting principle but is NOT applied retrospectively
46
How is a retrospective change in accounting principle shown on the financial statements?
It will be reflected by adjusting retained earnings in the earliest year presented and fully in the financials thereafter.
47
What are the entries to account for small stock dividend?
Debit retained earnings for the FMV, credit common stock for the par value, credit to APIC to balance the entry, Small stock dividends are under 25%
48
What does it mean if a preferred stock is cumulative?
The dividends accumulate and are made before any dividends are paid to common stock.
49
When is a cumulative effect accounting change reflected?
In the prior period as a restatement or in beginning year retained earnings for the current period.
50
When are dividends reported as a liability?
When they are declared.
51
What are liquidating dividends?
Dividends that exceed retained earnings. They then charge APIC. Usually part of a company going out of business.
52
How does treasury stock get booked using the par method?
It hits APIC and treasury stock based on original APIC/common stock allocation splits with the difference going to RE.
53
How does treasury stock sold under the par method get posted?
It hits treasury stock and the delta goes to APIC.
54
How are cash dividends recorded?
When declared Company DR RE and CR Div Payable, when paid DR Div Payable CR cash.
55
A dilutive security will produce an EPS number
below basic EPS
56
How is WACSO calculation impacted if a preferred stock is cumulative?
Calculate the dividend requirement for that period, when they are paid or declared is irrelevant.
57
If a convertible bond is dilutive to diluted eps calculation what must you add to NI to calculate the new EPS?
The interest payment that goes away.
58
How do you determine if a convertible preferred stock is dilutive?
Take the impact of the dividend savings to NI divided by the amount of common shares to be issued.
59
When the effect of a change in accounting principle is inseparable from the effect of a change in accounting estimate...
the reporting treatment for the overall effect is as a change in estimate, and treated prospectively.
60
If comparative financial statements are presented, the cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle is
presented net of tax as an adjustment to beginning retained earnings in the statement of stockholders' equity.
61
Where are accounting policy disclosures normally?
Note 1, but that is a (reasonable and very general) practice and not a "rule" dictated by GAAP. It does make sense to disclose the "why" before the "what."
62
Where is the the summary of significant accounting policies?
it is typically the first note provided after the financial statements and will include components such as: measurement bases, accounting principles and methods, criteria, and policies such as basis of consolidation, depreciation methods, revenue recognition, etc.
63
What is the criterion in determining whether to disclose information in the footnotes to the financial statements about vulnerability to a concentration?
The concentration exists as of the financial statement date. The concentration makes the entity vulnerable to the risk of a near-term severe impact. It is at least reasonably possible that the events that could cause a severe impact from the vulnerability will occur in the near term.
64
For entities that do not file financial statements with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the subsequent event evaluation period runs through
the date the financial statements are available to be issued, and that date is defined as the date when the financial statements are in a form and format that comply with GAAP and by which all approvals for issuance have been obtained. It is not necessary that the financial statements have actually been issued.
65
For entities that file financial statements with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the subsequent event evaluation period
runs through the date the financial statements are issued. Financial statements are considered issued on the date when the financial statements are in a form and format that comply with GAAP and by which the financial statements have been widely distributed to financial statement users. There is no requirement for any shareholders to have acknowledged receipt of the financial statements.
66
How do you determine the fair value of the stock.
If there is no principal market, then the price in the most advantageous market is the fair value of the stock. The most advantageous market is the market with the best price after considering transaction costs.
67
What are entities that do not file their financial statements with the SEC required to disclose relating to evaluation of subsequent events?
Both the date through which subsequent events have been evaluated along with whether that date is the date that the financial statements were issued or the date that the financial statements were available to be issued.
68
What are the definitions of the 3 levels of fair value inputs?
Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities on the measurement dates when no adjustments are required.
Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted market prices that are directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, reflecting the entity's judgment about the assumptions that a market participant would use (like projected cashflows)
69
What is OCBOA?
It is a special purpose framework, Other comprehensive basis of accounting (OCBOA). The modified cash basis of accounting is a special purpose framework.
69
Stock is always reported at
fair value unless using the equity method.
70
Investments in bonds that are held to maturity should be reported at
amortized cost, not fair value.
71
What financial statements should OCBOA financial statements include?
OCBOA financial statements should include financial statements equivalent to the accrual basis balance sheet and income statement. A statement of cash flows is not required.
72
What is the definition of working captial?
current assets minus current liabilities.
73
What is Working capital turnover?
Sales divided by average working capital. Working capital, in turn, is defined as current assets minus current liabilities.
74
What is Return on equity?
Return on equity is calculated as [net income – preferred dividends] divided by average total equity.
75
What is Accounts receivable turnover?
Accounts receivable turnover is calculated as sales (net) / average accounts receivable (net).
76
What is Days in Inventory?
Days in Inventory = Ending inventory / (Cost of goods sold/365 days)
77
What are the reporting requirements for pledging receivables?
Pledging receivables requires a footnote disclosure
78
Discounting is the process of converting
notes receivable, not accounts receivable, to cash.
79
What is factoring receivables without recourse?
Factoring receivables without recourse is a sales transaction. Factoring without recourse transfers the risk of uncollectible accounts to the buyer.
80
FIFO and weighted average use which valuation methods?
FIFO and weighted average use lower of cost or NRV, NRV = Selling - cost to complete
81
LIFO and Retail inventory use which valuation methods?
LIFO and Retail inventory use Lower of Cost or Market (middle value).
82
Net Realizable Value =
Selling price - cost of disposal or cost to sell
83
Investments in equity securities are carried at
Investments in equity securities are carried at fair value through net income (FVTNI). Unrealized holding gains and losses on equity securities are included in earnings as they occur.
84
Shipping costs between warehouses is considered
an inventory cost.
85
Before posting any material changes to an asset
You should always true up your amortization and depreciation expense for the period.
86
Money market accounts are generally viewed as what type of accounts?
Cash and equivalents
87
When do you accrue for loss contingencies?
When the loss is probable and the loss can be reasonably estimated.
88
How do you treat an intangible that has a renewal period that is expected to be renewed indefinitely?
Because it is expected to be renewed indefinitely, there will be no amortization expense on the books. Amortization is only recorded for intangible assets with a definite life.
89
Intangible assets should be amortized over
the lesser of the useful economic life or the legal life.
90
Excavation is what type of expense?
Excavation is a building expense, not land.
91
Which amortization increases the interest expense for a bond? Discount or premium?
Discount
92
How do you calculate the interest payable on a bond?
Take the face value of the bond at the beginning of the period and multiply by the contracted interest rate.
93
What is the amortization of a par value bond?
There is none as there is no premium or discount to amortize.
94
What is a bond sinking fund?
A fund that a company contributes cash to each period so that it has enough to pay of the bond at maturity.
95
What is a serial bonds?
Serial bonds are pre-numbered bonds that the issuer may call and redeem a portion by serial number. Serial bonds are bonds that mature in installments.
96
What is a term bond?
Term bonds are bonds that have a single fixed maturity date.
97
What are unsecured bonds called?
Debentures are unsecured bonds.
98
What is another name for the stated interest rate for a bond?
The stated interest rate for a bond is also known as the nominal or coupon rate.
99
Where do coupon payments of bonds go on the cashflow?
Operating outflow
100
The discount on a note payable should be reported on the balance sheet as a direct reduction from the
face amount of the note.
101
What kind of liability is the unamortized discount on a bond payable?
The unamortized discount on bonds payable is a contra liability
102
How are bond issuance costs treated?
Bond issue costs reduce the initial carrying value (legal, accounting, underwriting, comms ,printing) and amortized as interest costs
103
How are "reasonably possible" (not "probable") losses reported?
Only footnote disclosure is required for a "reasonably possible" (not "probable") loss. The disclosure should include the range and indicate the best estimate.
104
How are gain contingencies reported?
Gain contingencies are not recognized in the financial statements because to do so may cause recognition of revenue prior to its realization. Gain contingencies are recorded when the gain is realized. Gain contingencies should be disclosed with care taken not to mislead users of the financial statements as to the likelihood of realization.
105
When are contingent liabilities recorded on the balance sheet?
When a loss is "probable," an amount must be accrued on the balance sheet. The amount to accrue is the best estimate of the loss, but if there is no best estimate, the lower bound of the estimated range is the appropriate amount to accrue.
106
The effective interest rate is also known as the
Market rate.
107
Gain contingencies should be disclosed in the notes unless
the likelihood of the gain being realized is remote. The full range of possible settlements should be disclosed. The actual settlement did not occur until after the financial statements were issued.
108
Bond interest expense each period is equal to the combination of
interest payable and the amortization of any premium or discount. If there is no premium or discount to amortize (which is the case for par value bonds), interest expense will equal interest payable.
109
How are shares that are mandatorily redeemable and transferable at a specific date represented on the balance sheet?
They are presented as liabilities and not equity according to U.S. GAAP.
110
How do you determine the market price of a bond?
To determine the market price of a bond, the present value of the principal is added to the present value of all interest payments, using the market interest rate.
111
How would you allocate issue price for detachable warrants that come with bonds?
Because the warrants are detachable, the issue price of the bonds and warrants together should be allocated based on each component's fair values on the issuance date. If only one fair value is known, the remainder of the issuance price not allocated to the known is allocated to the other.
112
What interest rate is imputed on AR and AP arising from transactions in the normal course of business?
No interest rate is imputed when the terms do not exceed one year.
113
How should a contingent liability that is probable but cannot be reasonably estimated be disclosed in the financial statements?
A contingent liability that is probable but cannot be reasonably estimated should be disclosed in the financial statements but not recorded as an adjustment in the financial statements. If a reasonable range of the loss cannot be estimated, then a statement saying such must be included in the notes.
114
How should you report revenue associated with a coupon discount to a company's customers?
The transaction is recorded at the cash received amount (coupon sales price), because it is more objective than the retail price of the merchandise for which it can be exchanged.
115
How do you properly record the sale of PPE in a journal entry?
To properly record the sale of PPE in a journal entry, both the historical cost of the machine and the associated accumulated depreciation must be individually removed in the journal entry.
116
Where are Gains/losses on a cash flow hedges reported?
Gains/losses on a cash flow hedges are deferred and reported as a component of other comprehensive income until the hedged transaction impacts earnings.
117
Where are Gains/losses on a fair value hedges reported?
Gains/losses on a fair value hedge are reported in current income.
118
What does PUFI stand for in relation to OCI?
Pension adjustments, Unrealized Gains and Losses (Avail for sale debt securities and hedges, Foreign currency Items, Instrument specific credit risk
119
How do you treat assets that are transferred in a troubled debt restructuring?
When assets are transferred in a troubled debt restructuring, the asset is adjusted to fair value and a gain or loss is recorded.
120
What is the difference between the carrying amount of the payable and the fair value of the asset transferred in a troubled debt restructuring?
The difference between the carrying amount of the payable and the fair value of the asset transferred is equal to a gain on the restructuring.
121
When is it more likely for an issuer to call a bond? When interest interest rates move lower or higher?
When interest rates move lower, it becomes more attractive for the borrower to “refinance” the debt at lower rates. Because a callable bond provides an early redemption option to the issuer, it is more likely to “call” a bond as rates move lower (in the hopes of reissuing debt at now lower rates).
122
What happens when a bond is redeemed below par for a bond that was issued above par?
If a bond is issued above par and redeemed below par, this will result in a gain, which the issuer will book in income from continuing operations. The issuer is effectively paying less than par to remove a liability that is on the books at a price above par.
123
Where are bond redemption gains and losses booked?
Both gains and losses on bond redemptions are booked on the income statement.
124
If a company extinguishes long-term debt prior to maturity as a method of managing financial risk where will it be booked?
Many companies and agencies extinguish (or refund) long-term debt prior to maturity as a method of managing financial risk. The gain (retirement price less carrying amount of the old debt) will be included as part of continuing operations.
125
What is an in-substance defeasance?
The borrower remains legally liable to the lender in an in-substance defeasance. An in-substance defeasance does not extinguish the liability itself; it merely “freezes” the payments of principal and interest until a later time. The debtor is still the primary obligor, so the liability remains on the debtor’s books.
126
When is the acquisition method needed?
The acquisition method is needed when an investor owns more than 50 percent of the voting stock, as this will require the preparation of consolidated financial statements.
127
What is the general rule for significant influence?
Although "significant influence" may be evident based on qualitative factors, the general rule is that a company that owns between 20 to 50 percent of the voting stock of another investee company is able to exercise significant influence.
128
When can an investor turn back on the equity method if they have incurred losses past the point of their original investment?
At the point at which the investor's carrying amount of the investment is reduced to zero due to investee losses, the application of the equity method is suspended. The investor can resume applying the equity method once the investee has returned to profitability and any net losses allocated to the investor during the suspension period are covered by the investor's share of the investee's net income.
129
How do you record a stock dividend when using the equity method?
Record the stock dividend received with a memorandum entry that reduces the unit cost of all stock owned. The total investment will simply be spread over a larger amount of shares, thereby reducing the unit cost of all stock owned.
130
How are cash dividends recorded if using the equity method?
Cash dividends are treated as a return of capital rather than investment income.
131
How are liquidating dividends recorded with equity securities?
Dividend income from an equity security investment is recognized in net income, unless the dividend is a liquidating dividend. The dividend accounted for as a reduction of the investment account.
132
How is goodwill treated in an equity method investment?
Any goodwill created in an investment accounted for under the equity method is ignored. It is neither amortized nor tested for impairment. The entire investment (using the equity method) is subject to the impairment test.
133
What does goodwill represent?
The amount of goodwill recorded on the balance sheet by an acquiring firm for a business combination represents the excess of the price paid over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired.
134
In what instance would an investment of less than 20% result in use of the equity method?
The equity method is used to account for investments when the investor can exercise significant influence over the investee. While 20 percent to 50 percent voting common stock ownership typically indicates the need for the equity method, the key is whether significant influence exists. Even when an investor owns less than 20 percent, if they exercise significant influence, they will use the equity method.
135
Purchased goodwill is tested for impairment in an acquisition when?
Purchased goodwill is only tested for impairment in an acquisition of a controlling interest in another company.
136
When does the net income of an acquired company get reflected in the consolidated net income of the company?
In an acquisition, the net income of a newly acquired subsidiary will only be included in consolidated net income from the date of acquisition.
137
How much intercompany payables and receivables should a consolidated company report?
On the consolidated balance sheet, the parent and subsidiary assets and liabilities are combined into a single statement. Any payables or receivables between the parent and its subsidiary company must be eliminated in a consolidated presentation in order to avoid double-counting. However, on the subsidiary's own balance sheet, any payables or receivables resulting from a transaction with the parent company should be reflected.
138
What happens to the equity of the acquired company once they are purchased?
Under the acquisition method, the preacquisition equity of the subsidiary is not carried forward in an acquisition. Consolidated equity will be equal to the parent's equity balance .
139
Which Net Income amount should be used for the statement of cashflows when a company has non-controlling interest due to an acquisition?
When reconciling net income to net cash provided by operating activities, total consolidated net income (including net income attributable to both the parent and the noncontrolling interest) should be used.
140
What dividends paid by subsidiary are shown in the cashflow statement?
Dividends paid by the subsidiary to noncontrolling shareholders are reported in the cash flows statement. Dividends paid to the parent company are not reported.
141
How do you calculate the opening balance of the non-controlling interest of an acquisition in stockholders equity?
Non-controlling interest for any company would be the remaining percent balance of the purchase price based on the percentage acquired by the parent company.
142
Where does the non-controlling interest of an acquisition get reflected in the balance sheet?
Stockholders equity for a consolidated company includes common, apic, retained earnings, etc. of the the parent and subsidiaries, but also includes the non-controlling interest of any of the subs to total to total stockholders equity.
143
Who are the primary user groups of Govt financial reports?
External financial reports are used by three primary user groups including citizens, legislative/oversight groups, and investors/creditors.
144
What does relevance mean in the conext of Govt reporting?
Relevance means the information must bear a logical relationship with the needs for its purpose.
145
What are the three fund categories for Govt?
Fund categories are one of three: governmental, proprietary funds (like a business), Fiduciary (Trust) funds
146
What Govt funds fall under Proprietary?
Proprietary has enterprise funds (make money by charging for their services) and internal service funds (charge other internal for their services)
147
What Govt funds fall under Fiduciary?
Fiduciary has custodial funds, investment trust funds, private purpose trust funds, pension trust funds
148
What Govt funds fall under Governmental?
Governmental has general funds, special revenue funds, debt service funds, capital project funds, permanent funds
149
What fund category uses the modified accrual bases of accounting?
Governmental
150
What does revenue recognition happen under the modified accrual basis?
When they become available and measurable. Governmental Units would be impacted by this approach.
151
What is the difference between special revenue funds and permanent funds?
Special revenue funds may be fully expended and permanent funds are non expendable, restricted from principal being used.
152
What does GRaSPP stand for?
In Govt accounting: General, special Revenue, debt Service, capital Project, Permanent
153
What does SE-CIPPOE stand for?
In Govt acccounting: Service, Enterprise, Custodial, Investment, Private purpose, Pension, Other Employee
154
What is the measurement focus of Governmental vs. Proprietary/Fiduciary funds?
Governmental is current financial resources, proprietary and fiduciary is economic resources/income determination.
155
How are Government-wide financial statements prepared?
Using the economic resources measurement focus and the full accrual basis of accounting for all governmental and business-type activities.
156
What is a fund in Governmental accounting?
A fund is a fiscal and accounting entity with self balancing set of accounts. The resources are segregated for the purpose of carrying out specific activities and attaining certain objectives.
157
What is the measurement focus prescribed by GASB for governmental funds?
The "flow of current financial resources" focus which measures sources, uses, and balances of current financial resources.
158
What is the purpose that fund accounting enables?
Fund accounting enables service and mission-driven organizations to easily monitor compliance with spending purpose (legal restrictions), spending limits (budget and financial control), and other fiscal accountability objectives.
159
What is included in operating cashflows?
All inflows and outflows of your current assets and current liabilities. All current assets except cash and equivalents and all non-interest bearing operating liabilities.
160
What are investing cashflows?
All inflows and outflows of cash from non-current assets.
161
What are financing cashflows?
All inflows and outflows from debt or equity. Any interest bearing liabilities.
162
How are non-cash material events recorded in the financial statements?
They are recorded in a supplemental disclosure.
163
What is the maturity of cash equivalents on the cashflow statement?
They have an original maturity of 3 months or less.
164
Where do cash dividends paid shown on the cashflow?
Outflow on the financing activities section.
165
How are cash dividends received shown on the cashflow?
They are an inflow from Operating Activities already included in NI.
166
Where are loans to other entities (including related) shown on the cashflow?
Loans and their collection are reflected in the Investing Activities section as they are non-current assets.
167
Where do stock issuances go on the cashflow statement?
Cash inflows from Financing Activities.
168
Where would a purchase of a US Treasury Bill be shown on the cashflow statement?
It is considered a cash equivalent item so purchasing would only change the form of cash held and thus would not be reported on the cashflow statement.
169
Where would the amount of tax attributable to the gain on the sale of a fixed asset go on the cashflow?
Tax payable is a current asset or liability and this would remain as part of Operating Activities.
170
Where would the cashflows from available-for-sale securities be shown on the cashflow statement?
Investing Activities as it is a non-current asset.
171
How are cash paid for interest and income taxes reported using the indirect cashflow method?
There is a supplemental disclosure required to report interest paid and income taxes paid.
172
Where would a correction of an error in the financial statements of a prior period be reported?
It should be reported, net of tax, in the current statement of retained earnings as an adjustment of the opening balance.
173
What is the disclosure requirement for the date of subsequent event evaluation for SEC companies?
None. Companies that file with the SEC do not need to disclose the sub event evaluation period.
174
Where does legally restricted cash show on the financial statements?
It would not be in cash and equivalents, it would show in the category of the restriction it is supporting.
175
How are cash accounts shown in the balance sheet for different banks?
Balances for various accounts of the same bank can be netted, balance totals for different banks must be accounted for separately.
176
Where would a negative balance for a bank account be shown on the balance sheet?
Current liability.
177
Where would marketable equity and debt securities be classified on the balance sheet?
Non-current assets under the investments line.
178
How are assets purchased with stock valued?
Use the fair market value of the stock as the price for the asset purchased.
179
What is included in the price of a land purchase?
Purchase price, broker fees, title fees, legal fees, draining swamps and clearing trees, grading and leveling of site development, payment of existing obligations like taxes, deferred maintenance and destruction of old buildings, subtract proceeds from sale of existing buildings and standing timber.
180
How do you book the donation of assets?
They are booked at fair market value with the gain/loss on the IS.
181
How do you allocate the value of land and buildings purchased together?
Use appraised values as a ratio to apply to the sales price.
182
When should you test for recoverability of the carrying amount of fixed assets?
Whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable.
183
How would you test for impairment of a fixed asset held for use?
Compare the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows to the carrying amount. If the future cash flows are less than the carrying amount, an impairment loss would be calculated.
184
What amount of impairment loss would be booked if an asset is deemed as impaired?
The amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset.
185
What happens to assets that are being held for sale?
They are no longer depreciated, and valued at the lower of book value or Net Realizable Value (fair value less cost to sell) and moved to current assets on the balance sheet.
185
How are leasehold improvements amortized?
Capitalized and then amortized over the lesser of the life of the improvements or the remaining term of the lease.
185
How do you calculate Net Realizable Value?
Fair Value less cost to sell
185
How do you calculate the depletion base of a natural resource?
Purchase price plus development costs plus estimated restoration costs less expected salvage value.
186
How is interest expense incurred to acquire land treated?
Expensed when incurred as interest should only be capitalized in connection with a "discrete manufacturing activity".
186
How are appraisal costs treated in the purchase of an asset?
Appraisal costs can be capitalized in connection with the purchase of an asset or bundle of assets.
186
How is interest expense incurred accounted for on land being prepared for it intended use?
It can be capitalized if the land is undergoing activities necessary to prepare the land for its intended use.
187
When would be a good time to use the declining balance method of depreciation?
When an asset is subject to rapid obsolesence.
188
When is a impairment loss reversal allowed under USGAAP?
Never. It is prohibited under GAAP unless the asset is held for disposal.
189
How do you calculate double declining balance depreciation?
Ignore salvage value and take the straight line rate at 200% against the net book value for each year. Recalculate each year based on the new balance. Do not go below salvage value in the final year of depreciation.
190
How do you calculate units of production depreciation?
Take cost - salvage value divided by estimated units or hours = rate per hour, then multiply by number or units produced or hours consumed = depreciation expense
191
How do delays in construction projects impact capitalized interest?
For normal course of business, delays are OK. For intentional delays, interest cannot be capitalized.
192
What happens to deferred maintenance or back property tax when purchasing a building?
Those expenses can be rolled into the cost of the building and depreciated.
193
How do you calculate interest capitalized?
Use weighted average of accumulated expenditures. It is not based on what is borrowed. The rate of the construction loan would be used up to the point of interest cost incurred, then go to the interest rate for other borrowings of the company.
194
How do you calculate the value of an asset purchased on a long term deferred payment plan?
Use the present value of the plan at an imputed interest rate.
195
What inventory valuation method is used according to USGAAP?
Lower of cost or net realizable value method is used for all inventory that is not using LIFO or retail inventory method
196
How do you calculate Net Realizable Value?
It is an items selling price less the costs to complete and dispose of the inventory.
197
How are legal fees related to a successful defense of an asset treated?
They can be capitalized with the asset.
198
How are indefinite lived assets shown on the balance sheet?
They will be shown at cost less any impairment.
199
How is a finite lived intangible asset impaired?
If the carrying value is greater than the sum of the undiscounted cash flows.
200
If an asset is deemed impaired, how do you write it down?
Write it down to the fair value or the discounted cash flows if fair value is not available.
201
Where do impairment losses show on the financial statements?
It is a non-operating loss unless it relates to discontinued operations.
202
What are the rules to restoring impairment loss on an intangible?
You cannont restore impairment loss to an intangible unless it is relating to an item held for sale or disposal.
203
How do you value intangibles held for disposal?
They are written down to fair value.
204
How do you value intangibles held for sale?
They would be written down to Net Realizable Value (Fair Value less cost to sell). You would stop amortizing and be allowed to take restoration from a prior impairment.
205
How are franchise fees amortized?
Straight lined over the contract term.
206
How are development costs for a new product idea recognized?
They are a direct expense.
207
What is the intangible asset recoverability test?
For finite lived intangibles this compares the undiscounted future cash flows to the carrying value. If the carrying value is greater then a fair value test would be performed.
208
What is the rule of conservatism relating to the length of amortization of an asset?
Always amortize over the shorter of estimated life or remaining legal life.
209
What expenses relating to cloud computing arrangements are not capitalizable?
System requirements, training, data conversion, maintenance, upgrades
210
In what stage will a company capitalize the cost of a Cloud Computing Arrangement (CCA)?
The preliminary-project and post-implementation stages costs need to be expensed as incurred. During the application development stage costs must be capitalized.
211
What expenses are considered Application Development for a Cloud Computing Arrangement (CCA)?
Payroll and payroll related costs for employees and third-party providers who are directly associated with the project to the extent of time spent directly on the project. Plus, applicable interest costs incurred during the application development stage. Any costs associated with data conversion (other than software acquired for such conversion) as well as any training costs should be expensed as incurred.
212
What type of amortization method should be used for intangibles?
The straight-lined method should be used, unless there is a method deemed more appropriate by the Company.
213
How should capitalization of internally developed intangible assets be treated?
They are generally not capitalized outside of legal or registration fees as R&D expense is prohibited
214
What is an Asset Retirement Obligation (ARO)?
An ARO exists when an asset has legal requirements to incur removal type costs related to the asset.
215
How does an ARO impact the value of an asset and its depreciation?
An ARO will increase the value of the asset and the amount of depreciation expense over the life of the asset.
216
What is accretion expense relating to an ARO?
The increase in the ARO liability due to the passage of time.
217
What are common debt covenants?
Debt to equity, debt to capital, interest coverage ratio
218
How would you record shot-term debt that is expected to be refinanced post balance sheet date?
You would record as long-term as long as you have support for the plan.
219
How would you treat checks voided after the accounting period but before reporting?
They would be taken into account during the account period that the reporting relates to.
220
What are the accounting steps in a troubled debt restructuring that transfers assets?
The asset is adjusted to fair value and an ordinary gain/loss is booked. Then the gain on the restructuring is recorded as the difference between the debt and the fair value of the asset transferred.
221
How are financial statements impacted when there is a change in entity?
Financial statements for all prior periods presented should be restated.
222
How do you calculate a preferred stock dividend?
Par value $ * % * shares outstanding
223
Where do unrealized gains or losses for available for sale debt securities go on the financial statements?
Unrealized gains and losses will go through OCI, realized will go through the Income Statement
224
Where would you record gains and losses for trading securities
Trading securities realized and unrealized gains and losses are recorded in the income statement.
225
How should inventory be valued?
Inventory is reduced to lower of cost or market. Any losses are booked in the period incurred. The loss is measured as the difference between cost and the net realizable value net of selling costs.
226
How do you calculate moving average method of inventory value?
It is essentially the weighted average method doing perpetual inventory tracking.
227
Capitalized interest cannot exceed...
actual interest incurred for the period.
228
What are costs included in the cost of land?
purchase price, brokers commissions, title and recording fees, clearing brush and trees, site development, cost to demo old buildings, less any proceeds from the sale of old structures, timber.
229
What does the depreciation base of an asset include?
The cost less the salvage value of the equipment.
230
How does the Sum-of-the-years'-digits method calculate depreciable base?
It would subtract salvage value from the cost.
231
What is the calculation for Sum-of-the-years'-digits method of depreciation?
Sum of each of the number of years depreciation is your denominator and the numerator is the reverse order of the number of years of depreciation expense. Year 2 of a 5 year depreciation would take the depreciable base * 4/(1+2+3+4+5).
232
How do you calculate the present value of coupon payments of a bond?
Take the amount of the bond*coupon rate*number of payments each year, then multiply the coupon payment by the PV of an annuity at the market rate of the total number of periods.
233
What happens when a bond is issued between interest payment dates instead of on the issuance date?
The issuer will receive the issuance price plus accrued interest for the period between the interest payment date and the issuance date. This makes up for the fact they will be paying the full interest payments throughout the life of the bond as if it was issued at the issuance date.
234
What is the Exact Method for adding a new partner to a partnership?
The new partner would make a contribution equal to the amount the other partners have contributed.
235
What is the Bonus Method for adding a new partner to a partnership?
The new partner invests a different amount that the current partners to the capital account. The delta of the percentage contributed to the percentage of their share goes to the old partners based on their agreed distribution.
236
What is the Goodwill Method for adding a new partner to a partnership?
The new partner makes an investment that has an implied value. The delta between the amount of actual investment and the implied value is posted as a Dr to goodwill and a cr to existing partners.
237
237
How would you calculate the owners equity for a partnership that is incorporating?
Take the par value of the stock issued and subtract that amount from the fair value of the net assets. The journal would be Dr Assets at FV, CR Liab at FV, CR Common stock at par, plug goes to APIC
238
Where does the portion of a lease payment that represents principal fall on the cashflow statement?
It is a Financing Outflow.
238
Where does the interest portion of a lease payment fall on the cashflow statement?
It is an Operating Outflow.
238
What is a substantive substitution right?
It occurs if the supplier has the practical ability to substitute alternative assets throughout the period of use and benefits the supplier. If both occur then this transaction is not a lease.
238
What are the qualifications of a lease?
Lessor cannot have a substantive substitution right, the contract must depend on an identifiable asset.
239
What are the USGAAP criteria to qualify for a finance lease?
Any of the following: 1. ownership transfers at the end of the lease 2. a written purchase option that the lessee is certain to exercise 3. the present value of the minimum lease payments are at least 90% of the FV of the asset 4. the lease term is at least 75% of the useful life of the asset 5. the asset is so specialized that it must be used by the lessor
240
What is a lease commencement date?
The date the underlying asset is made available to the lessee and when the lease expense should begin.
241
What items are included in the total cost of a lease?
Present value of: Fixed payments, variable payments, exercise price of purchase option, termination penalties, probable amount owed on the guaranteed residual.
242
When a lease contains a bargain purchase option that is likely to accepted how do you calculate depreciation?
The useful life of the asset will be used to calculate the depreciation rather than lease period.
243
Where on the financial statements would accretion expense be recorded?
It is an operating expense and would be recorded on the income statement.
244
When should costs associated with an exit or disposal (like relocation of employee) be recognized?
They should be recorded when incurred even though they are the direct result of an announced plan to exit. (like paying for moving costs when they happen, instead of when an employee move is announced)
245
How do you record an Asset Retirement Obligation?
You first record the ARC (Asset) and ARO (liab)as an asset and liability on the balance sheet as the present value of the future payment(s). The ARC would be depreciated over time. The ARO would take accretion expense (dr expense) and cr ARO. The final ARO balance should be equal to the cash payment for the obligation in the future.
246
What rates are used to adjust for changes in estimates of ARO's (asset retirement obligations)?
If the estimate is an increase in expense you would use updated rates to recalc the costs. If the expense goes down you would use the historical rates to recalc the updated costs.
247
How are held to maturity bonds held?
They are held at amortized cost, not marked to market as long as the company has the intent and ability to hold to maturity. No unrealized gains/losses are recorded.
248
What are trading debt securities and how are they valued on the financials?
They are bought and sold with the intent to generate short term profits. They are valued at fair value and the unrealized gain/loss is booked on the IS.
249
How does held to maturity debt security record a loss based on the CECL model?
A loss is recorded when the amortized cost exceeds present value of the principal and interest expected to be collected. FV is not relevant. The loss would be eual to the difference between amortized cost and PV.
250
How are unrealized gains and losses booked in OCI?
They are booked net of tax either individually or in aggregate with all of OCI.
251
How are available for sale debt securities valued on the financials?
They are booked at FV with their unrealized gains/losses booked to OCI.
252
What happens to the equity of a subsidiary during consolidation?
The equity of the subsidiary is eliminated, including retained earnings.
253
How are bonuses to retiring partners recorded in a partnership?
Any premium paid to the retiring partner is allocated to the remaining partners based on the profit and loss ratios of the remaining partners.
254
Are tax assets and liabilities current or non current?
Non-current
255
How much taxable income can NOL's carried forward offset?
80%
256
What tax rate should be used for future impacts?
Enacted future tax rates in the period they are expected to be used.
257
How are tax penalties recorded in book and tax records?
Tax penalties are recorded as expenses in book and cannot be used as a deduction to reduce taxable income.
258
What is MACRS and will it result in a liability or an asset?
MACRS is an allowable IRS tax depreciation method that will result in less taxable income now and more in the future. This will result in a DTL.
259
When do you need to create a valuation allowance for taxes?
A valuation allowance is needed on for DTA's and is needed whenever it is more likely than not that pare or all of a DTA will not be realized.
260
When do DTL's arise?
DTL's arise when future tax income > future financial accounting income
261
When do DTA's arise?
DTA's arise when future tax income < future financial accounting income
262
How are DTA's and DTL's presented on the balance sheet?
All DTA/DTL's must be offset(netted) and presented as one amount on the balance sheet unless they attributed to different tax paying components of the entity or different taxing jurisdictions.
263
When speaking of taxes the asset and liability method is sometimes call the what?
The balance sheet approach
264
What are the debits and credit booked when booking a DTL?
DR Income Tax Expenses, DR Income Tax Expense - Deferred, CR Income Tax Payable, CR Deferred Tax Liability
265
What are the debits and credit booked when booking a DTA?
DR Deferred Tax Asset, DR Income Tax Expense - Current, CR Income Tax Payable, CR Income Tax Benefit - Deferred
266
How do you book a DTA Valuation Allowance and where does it get booked on the balance sheet?
DR Income Tax Benefit - Deferred (P&L), CR Deferred Tax Valuation Allowance. It is a Contra DTA Asset Account in your non-current assets.
267
If a convertible bond is dilutive to diluted eps calculation what must you add to NI to calculate the new EPS?
The interest payment that goes away.
268
Where are unrealized holding gains and losses on trading securities and available-for-sale equity securities recorded?
Directly to net income.
269
Where are unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities recorded?
They would be included in other comprehensive income (or loss), which then becomes part of accumulated other comprehensive income (or loss).
270
Where would concentrations in the volume of business transacted with a particular customer be disclosed?
In the Notes to the Financial Statements if they are significant.
271
What does the lease acronym OWNES stand for?
If any of the following are met it is a finance lease: Ownership transfer, Written option to purchase, NPV of payments is >90% FV of asset, Economic life of 75% is used during lease, Specialized Asset that the lessor will not have an alt use for
272
Where would you see "Concentration of Risk"?
It is a required disclosure in the Notes to the Financial Statements.
273
NFP corporations are required to produce the following financial statements:
Statement of financial position (balance sheet), statement of activities (income statement), statement of cashflows
274
How are NFP cash contributions and unconditional pledges recognized?
Cash contributions and unconditional pledges are recognized as contribution revenue in the year in which the cash or pledge is received.
275
How are donated services recorded for NFP organizations?
The value of the donated services would be recorded as both a contribution and an expense if the services performed are a normal part of the program or supporting services and would otherwise be performed by salaried personnel.
276
How are cash contributions with donor restrictions recorded for a NFP?
The contributions would be recorded as revenue, contributions with donor restrictions, when they occur and as a restricted class of asset until the time the restriction has passed.
277
All operating expenses for NFP organizations are classified as...
without donor restrictions.
278
How are conditional promises to give to NFP recorded?
Conditional obligations would not be recorded or recognized as revenue regardless of the likelihood of success.
279
How are contributions to a NFP defined?
They are transactions that are unconditional, nonreciprocal, voluntary and not of an ownership investment.
280
What is the primary purpose of the statement of activities for a NFP?
To demonstrate how the organizations resources are used in providing various programs and services.
281
Where does NFP allowance for doubtful accounts get posted on the P&L?
NFP allowance for doubtful accounts does not have bad debt expense, it has an adjustment to revenue directly.
282
What are the NFP donated services requirements for recording?
Specialized, Otherwise needed, Measurable Easily. They would be recorded at fair value.
283
How are donated pharmaceuticals booked for hospitals?
Pharmaceuticals represent part of the ongoing and central operations of the hospital. Donated items would represent other operating revenue and, ultimately, operating expenses.
284
What is the NFP rules for posting conditional and unconditional contributions?
Unconditional contributions are recognized as revenue and then classified as either without donor restrictions or with donor restrictions.
Conditional contributions are accounted for as a refundable advance.
Conditional promises or pledges receive no accounting treatment.
285
What do NFP financing activities include?
Cash related to borrowing like for-profit companies, but also include cash related to certain restricted contributions. They may be segregated on the face of the cashflow as proceeds from donor restricted contributions and other financing activities.
286
How does a NFP report its expenses on the statement of activities (P&L)?
By their functional classification (program classification, supporting activities, fund-raising, etc.) and disclose the expenses in a natural classification by function in the notes to the financial statements.
287
What is the difference between Program Services and Support Services on the Statement of Activities for a NFP?
Program services (expenses) are the activities for which an organization is chartered. Support services are everything not classified on the statement of activities as a program service.
288
Where is cafeteria revenue classified for hospitals?
Cafeteria revenue of a hospital is classified as other revenues.
289
For a NFP that does not have any variance power to utilize funds donated how would they book the contribution?
They would recognize the asset received as a liability to the beneficiary.
290
What are the 3 most common hospital revenue classifications?
Patient services revenues
Other operating revenues
Non operating revenues (incidental earnings not related to the ongoing central operations of the hospital, like gifts without donor restrictions from donors)
291
How do NFP Universities report tuition and fees?
They are reported at the gross amount. Only refunds are netted against revenue. Scholarships and tuition remissions are expenditures.
292
What are the rules for financially interrelated NFP orgs according to FASB ASC958?
One org must be able to influence the operating decisions of the other, must have an ongoing economic interest in the net assets of the other.
293
How would a NFP organization that does not recognize and capitalize its collections report it on their statement of activities (p&l)?
On the face of its statement of activities, separate from revenues, expenses, gains, and losses: costs of collection items purchased as a decrease in the appropriate class of net assets, proceeds from the sale of collection items as an increase in the appropriate class of net assets, proceeds from insurance recoveries of lost or destroyed collection items as an increase in the the appropriate class of net assets.
294
How would cash received with donor-imposed restriction limiting its use to long-term purposes (such as construction of a new building) be displayed on the CF?
Cash received with donor-imposed restriction limiting its use to long-term purposes (such as construction of a new building) is displayed as a financing activity on the statement of cash flows of a not-for-profit organization.
295
An organization that includes right of return and right of release from obligation clauses in its agreements but does not impose measurable barriers does not impose a condition.
295
If an organization or grant includes right of return and right of release obligation clauses in its agreements but does not impose measurable barriers how is it recognized?
Resourced would be considered unconditional and revenue would be recognized immediately.
296
How are NFP exchange or reciprocal transfers booked?
They increase net assets without donor restrictions but do not constitute a contribution. They would be conditional and would be displayed as a refundable advance liability.
297
How are NFP pledges recorded?
An unconditional pledge is a contribution and is recorded at its fair value when the promise is made
298
How are NFP conditional pledges recorded?
A conditional pledge is a transaction that depends on an occurrence of a future or an uncertain event. Recognition doesn't occur until the conditions are substantially met and the promise becomes unconditional.
298
How are NFP good faith deposits for conditional pledges recorded?
Good faith deposits that accompany a pledge are treated as refundable advances (liabilities).
299
How are multi year NFP pledges recorded?
At the NPV at the date the pledge is made. it would be classified as with donor restrictions (time).
300
How is the NFP allowance for uncollectible pledges recorded?
In accordance with commercial accounting principles, however there is no bad debt expense, it is booked as an adjustment to revenue.
301
How are organization costs and start-up costs booked?
All organization costs and start-up costs are expensed as incurred.
302
How are shipping costs of inventory to consignee recorded?
Shipping costs to the consignee should be included in the amount for consignor's consigned inventory.
303
How are stock option grants for employees recorded?
Compensation expense recorded at fair value by the issuing entity and recorded evenly over the vesting period. It is not a cash event, so it will be added back to net income to determine cash flow from operations.
304
What are the supplemental disclosures always noted for indirect method CF?
Interest PAID, taxes PAID
305
For elimination of investment in subsidiary, what does CAR IN BIG stand for?
Common Stock, APIC, Retained Earnings, Investment in Sub, Non-Controlling Interest, Balance sheet to FV, Intangibles to FV, Goodwill
306
What are the entries for a repurchase and retirement of common stock?
DR common for the par value, CR cash for the repurchase price and DR APIC for the delta
307
How are cash dividends to equity method investors recorded?
They are treated as a reduction to investment and increase to cash on investors balance sheet.
307
Book value is sometimes called what for securities?
Amortized cost.
308
How would an Estimated Credit Loss be recorded if the FV of the AFS security is less or a gain?
The ECL will only be reported on the income statement for the amount of the loss or not at all vs. FV because the company has the option to sell this available-for-sales security for a higher amount than the ECL calculation.
309
The lower of cost or market is what value between replacement, market ceiling (NRV)and market floor (NRv-cost)?
Middle
310
In what scenario is a short term obligation excluded from current liabilities?
If the company intends to refinance it on a long-term basis and the intent is supported by either the existence of a noncancelable financing agreement or an actual refinancing prior to the issuance of the financial statements.
310
What happens to unrealized gains and losses for avail for sale financial instruments that are moved to held to maturity?
Avail for sale instruments that move to held to maturity would have any gain/loss from OCI amortized with the bond premium or discount.
310
What happens to gains and losses for financial instruments that are moved to trading securities?
They have all unrealized gains and losses recognized in current earnings.
310
How is a change in accounting principle reported?
The cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle is reported net of tax as an adjustment to beginning retained earnings in the earliest year presented.
310
What are the entries for a finance lease each month?
DR Interest Expense, DR Lease Liability, CR Cash DR Amortization Expense, CR Accrued Amortization
311
What are the entries for an operating lease each month?
CR ROU Asset Accum. Amortization, DR Lease Liability, DR Lease Expense CR Cash/Lease Liability
312
GRASPP Funds use what measurement focus?
Governmental Funds use the Current Financial Resources measurement focus.
313
CI-CIPPOE Funds use what measurement focus?
Proprietary and Fiduciary Funds use the Economic Resources measurement focus and are accrual basis.
314
What expense hits the P&L for a Finance Lease vs. an Operating Lease?
Finance Leases have Amortization expense and Interest Expense, Operating Leases have Lease Expense.
315
How do you calculate the Amortization expense for a Finance Lease?
Amortization expense will DR and CR Accrued Amort for the PV of the lease payments plus any residual fees that were part of the lease origination on a straight line basis.
316
How much are the dividends received tax deductions?
They are permanent differences. If less than 20% ownership, 50% deduction, 20%-80% ownership, 65% deduction, 80% ownership, 100% deduction
317
How are Organizational expenses treated for tax purposes?
Organizational expenses are immediately recognized for purposes of financial statement presentation but are amortized for tax purposes over multiple years.
318
What are the two cases to recognize contribution revenue?
It must either: enhance a nonfinancial asset + SOME: Specialized skill, Otherwise purchased, Measured Easily
319
How are Board-designated endowment funds classified? With or without donor restrictions?
Without donor restrictions if they are resulting from an internal designation of net assets without donor restrictions to begin with.
320
How are unconditional promises to pay over a period of time classified?
Unconditional promises to pay over a period of time are generally classified as with donor restrictions as to time until collection.
321
322
When repurchasing stock you reduce based on par, but what account is adjusted if you have a gain or loss over or under par?
If the purchase is less than the original price, the gain is credited to APIC. If the purchase is more than the original price, the loss is debited to RE.
323
What is the current maturity of a finance lease?
The portion of the debt that is due in the next 12 months. This would exclude interest. Based on the payment, you would subtract the interest portion and go with the amount that is scheduled to amortized in the next 12 months.
324
What needs to happen when the change in accounting principle is made on a financial statement that impacts prior periods?
The financial statement must contain a full disclosure of any accounting principle changes in the fiscal period in which the change is made. The disclosure must include the nature and reason for the change, an explanation of why the new principle is preferable to the former principle, the impact to continuing operations (or net income), and the cumulative effect on beginning retained earnings of the earliest period presented.
