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MRCPsych Paper A > Famous Names > Flashcards

Famous Names Flashcards

1
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Founder of individual psychology, organ inferiority, inferiority complex

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2
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

strange situation test, secure, anxious/avoidant, resistant/ambivalent (disorganised added later)

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3
Q

Mesmer

A

Mesmerism or animal magnetism, a form of hypnotic suggestion.

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4
Q

Gordon Alport

A

did work into reducing prejudice, contact between groups reduces prejudice

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5
Q

Ayllon and Azrin

A

Token economy

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6
Q

Cannon-Bard

A

1920s theory that emotions and physiology changes occur at the same time. Severed cats nerves to show that physical arousal does not have to occur before emotion.

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7
Q

Bateson

A

(Gregory Bateson): Therapist makes the patient intentionally engage in the unwanted behavior (called the paradoxical injunction) e.g. avoid a phobic object or perform a compulsive ritual.

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8
Q

James Braid

A

Scottish surgeon who coined hypnosis

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9
Q

Beard

A

(George Beard) 1879 coined the term neurasthenia, said it was exhaustion of the nerves due to urbanization

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10
Q

Barton

A

institutional neruosis, 1962

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11
Q

Battie

A

Wrote ‘Treatise on Madness’, 1758. Divided mental illness into ‘original’ and ‘consequential’

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12
Q

Bandura

A

Bobo doll, social learning, modelling theory (type of observational learning)

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13
Q

Aaron Beck

A

1960s - Cognitive therapy (CBT)

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14
Q

Benjamin Rush

A

Father of American Psychiatry. First classified phobia.

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15
Q

Eric Berne

A

1949, transactional analysis (NB videos on the Respect course, parent adult child) ‘Games people play’ parent adult child

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16
Q

Wilfred Bion

A

basic assumptions in group therapy. Bion, whenever a group gets derailed from its task, it deteriorates into one of three basic states: dependency, pairing, or fight-flight

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17
Q

Alfred Binet

A

1905 concept of mental age, Stanford Binet Test = 1st IQ test (now we use WAIS more).
IQ = mental age / chronological age x 100

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18
Q

Eugen Bleuler

A

coined schizophrenia in 1911, 1st to describe symptoms as positive or negative. 4 A’s –autism, ambivalence, affective incongruity and associations (loosening)

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19
Q

Brown and Harris

A

1978, social origins of depression

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20
Q

Brown and Rutter

A

1966 Camberwell Family Interview, expressed emotions in schizophrenia

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21
Q

Bowen

A

family SYSTEMS therapy, enmeshment, emotional triangles, therapist has minimal emotional attachment

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22
Q

Brigham

A

Social psychiatry

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23
Q

Broadbent

A

filter theory of attention. ‘People can only attend to one physical channel of information at a time’

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24
Q

Bowden

A

use of valproate in mania (1994)

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25
Q

John Bowlby

A

1969, attachment theory, secure base, short term separation leads to protest, then despair, then detachement (eg kids in hospital)

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26
Q

John Cade

A

after 2nd world war, lithium

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27
Q

Cerletti & Bini

A

Electroconvulsive therapy, 1938

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28
Q

Paul Charpentier

A

SYNTHESISED chlorpromazine in 1951 (NB The potential use of Chlorpromazine in psychiatry was first recognized by Henri Laborit (1952), a surgeon , and Delay and Denkier INTRODUCED it)

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29
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

inate language acquisition device

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30
Q

Cicero

A

Coined libido in 1st century BC

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31
Q

Cohen

A

1984 Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, primary and secondary appraisal

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32
Q

Delay and Deniker

A

INTRODUCED chlorpromazine in 1950s, 1st antipsychotic, NB Paul Charpentier synthesised it, Henry Laborit thought it could work in psych.

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33
Q

Dollard et al

A

1939, frustration-aggression hypothesis (frustration always leads to aggression)…later modified by Berkowitz 1993 to aggression cue theory (frustration primes
for aggression)

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34
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

‘le suicide’ in 1897, Catholics less suicides than Protestants, group control

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35
Q

Herman Ebbinghaus

A

plotted the forgetting curve which shows a sharp drop over the first nine hours and particularly during the first hour. After nine hours, the rate of forgetting slows and declines little thereafter, even after the lapse of 31 days.

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36
Q

Thomas Eissenberg

A

moral development studied doing the right thing (Freud and Kohlberg studied people not doing the wrong thing)

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37
Q

Paul Ekman

A

1972 identified 6 primary human emotions – surprise, fear, sadness, anger, happiness and disgust.

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38
Q

Albert Ellis

A

Rational emotive therapy 1955, involved appropriate humour

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39
Q

Elliot

A

blue and brown eyes experiment (reducing prejudice by exposing people to being prejudiced)

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40
Q

Eric Erickson

A

1950 psychoSOCIAL model of development eg intimacy vs isolation, trust vs mistrust, basic virtues at each stage eg hope, fidelity

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41
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

1972 the three-factor theory or the P-E-N theory. The three high order factors are extraversion-introversion; neuroticism-stability and psychoticism-impulse control. His work asserts that the P-E-N dimensions are biological and largely heritable.

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42
Q

Leon Festinger

A

Cognitive Dissonance theory/ Deindividuation theory: people in group context act uncharacteristically more aggressive as a sense of identity and belongingness and diffusion of responsibility occurs in groups, uniforms. NB $1 test, attitudes, behaviour

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43
Q

Foulkes

A

groups are essential to human existence, factors influencing communication in groups: Mirroring, Exchange, Free floating discussion, Resonance, Translation. Communication matrix in groups (common ground). Foundation matrix, dynamic matrix

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44
Q

Michael Foucault

A

1960 wrote ‘Madness and Civilisation’, madness as a social construct

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45
Q

Freud

A

Psychoanalysis 1856-1939 – Eros = life drive, Thantos = death drive, but Freud didn’t call it death drive. Works ‘Interpretations of Dreams’, ‘Beyond the Pleasure Principle’, ‘Psychopathology of Everyday Life’

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46
Q

Friedman & Rosenman

A

Type A and B personalities

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47
Q

Gagne

A

hierarchy of learning 1 Classical conditioning (signal learning), 2 Operant conditioning, 3 chaining, 4 Verbal association, 5 Discrimination learning, 6 Concept learning, 7 Rule learning, 8 Problem solving

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48
Q

Erving Goffman

A

in 1963 used the word ‘stigma’. Wrote ‘Asylums’ in 1961, and ‘The presentation of the self in everyday life’- theatrical performances

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49
Q

Guttman

A

introduced scalograms to measure attitudes that include cumulative statements where accepting a statement usually means accepting all that comes below a statement, in a step wise fashion.

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50
Q

Hathaway and Mckinley

A

Minessotta Multiphasic Personal Inventory, 10 clinical scales eg hypochondriasis

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51
Q

Haley

A

STRATEGIC family therapy, eg depressed wife elicits overprotectiveness from husband. Reframing, positive connotation, domino affect

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52
Q

Hans Berger

A

invented EEG in 1924

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53
Q

Hecker

A

coined ‘hebephrenia’ (predated DSM concept of disorganised type

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54
Q

Heinroth

A

first used the word psychosomatic in 1817, applying it to problems of insomnia

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55
Q

Karen Horney

A

Neo Freudian ‘Womb Envy’, like ‘penis envy’

56
Q

Clarke Hull

A

1943 Drive reduction theory primary drives stem from biological needs; secondary drives are psychological and learned from primary drives (e.g. self-esteem, power etc.). Type of motivational therapy

57
Q

Jacobson

A

1920s Progressive muscular relaxation therapy

58
Q

Jarman index

A

1984, level of relative social deprivation, helpful to indicate the need for primary care services

59
Q

Janssen

A

1958 Butyrophenone haloperidol

60
Q

Arthur Janov

A

Primal therapy, Primal therapy became very influential during a brief period in the early 1970s, argued that neurosis is caused by the repressed pain of childhood trauma.

61
Q

Jasper

A

Praecox feeling, un-understandability of delusions

62
Q

Maxwell Jones

A

established the therapeutic community (but note Tom Main coined the term)

63
Q

Carl Gutav Jung

A

1875- 1961 Analytical psychology, persona, collective unconscious, archetypes. Jung is associated with the following terms- Personal unconscious, collective unconscious, introvert, extrovert, archetypes, persona, anima and animus.

64
Q

Kahlbaum

A

1828 – 1899 Catatonia, Hebephrenia (Hecker expanded on these terms further), cyclothymia

65
Q

Kasanin

A

Schizoaffective psychosis

66
Q

Kay & Roth

A

Late paraphrenia

67
Q

John Kane

A

1988 introduced Clozapine into clinical practice

68
Q

Klermann and Wiseman

A

interpersonal therapy, 1969, for depression

69
Q

Roland Khun

A

Imipramine in 1956

70
Q

Emil Kraeplin

A

1856-1926, founder of modern psychiatry, psychopharmacology, psychiatric genetics. Rivalled Freud- believed that the chief origin of psychiatric disease was biological and genetics. Manic depression, dementia precox, degeneration of the race, social Darwinism, eugenics.

71
Q

Klaesi

A

Barbiturate coma therapy

72
Q

Melanie Klein

A

1882- 1960 - Play therapy. SIPDOG is a mnemonic for Klein’s defences. Splitting, Introjection, Projective Identification, Denial, Omnipotence, Grandiosity. Object Relations Theory = process of developing a psyche in relation to others during childhood.

73
Q

Kleist

A

‘Unipolar and bipolar’ in 1953

74
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

1958 - MORAL developmental theory, pre conventional, conventional and post conventional morality, Heinx dilemma

75
Q

Koch

A

Psychopathic inferiority- his work influenced personality disorders

76
Q

Kohler

A

insight learning (gorillas have a flash of inspiration of how to reach the banana)

77
Q

Henry Laborit

A

1952 Chlorpromazine COULD BE USEFUL IN PSYCHIATRY. Charpentier synthesised it in, Delay and Denkier introduced it

78
Q

Ronald Laing

A

‘The divided self’ 1960, ‘ontological security’. Ontology is studying the nature of being. Wrote about psychosis, was associated with the anti-psychiatry movement, although he rejected the label.

79
Q

Langfeldt

A

Schizophreniform psychosis

80
Q

James- Lange

A

1855 theory of emotions- emotions occur in response to bodily changes in response to stimuli. Compare to Cannon- Bard. Was developed by William James and Carl Lange independently

81
Q

Lazarus

A

, Cognitive appraisal theory states that appraisal precedes affective reaction- says no affective primacy Cognitive-mediation model (Lazarus, 1999) explains why different individuals respond differently to the same types of stressors, and why the same individual may respond differently to a similar stressor at different times. Compare with Cannon Bard and James Lange

82
Q

Kurt Lewin

A

1940s-1950s coined ‘group dynamics’, first to scientifically study groups

83
Q

Marsha Linehan

A

Dialectic behavioural therapy (DBT), distress tolerance, emotional regulation, mindfulness, for borderline PD born 1943

84
Q

Maslow

A

identified deficiency needs called D motives and growth needs (being) needs called B motives. He proposed a hierarchy of human needs

85
Q

Mary Main

A

1986 Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)…4 types of adult attachment, which correspond to Mary Ainsworth 12-18 month attachments: secure autonomous, entangled (childhood resistant), dismissing (childhood anxious/avoidant), unresolved (childhood disorganised)

86
Q

Margaret Mahler

A

separation individuation theory (universal to all children irrespective of their mothers)

87
Q

Marcia

A

theory on adolescence and crises

88
Q

Masters and Johnson

A

Sexual therapy; pause, squeeze technique

89
Q

Mechanic

A

illness behaviour

90
Q

Meduna

A

1934 Camphor/ metrazol induced seizures

91
Q

Minuchin

A

STRUCTURAL model of families in family therapy, hierarchies. NB Bowens SYSTEMS, Haley STRATEGIC, Milan SYTEMIC.

92
Q

ERIC Miller

A

biofeedback therapy to help eg migraines, hypertension. Does music therapy

93
Q

Benedict Morel

A

1852- Theory of degeneration, ‘demence precoce’. NB different, and predates Kraeplin’s ‘dementia praecox’

94
Q

Jacob Moreno

A

Psychodrama, group psychotherapy

95
Q

Moniz

A

frontal leucotomy for psychosis 1930

96
Q

Osgood

A

semantic differential scale is used to measure verbally expressed attitudes. It allows different attitudes about a particular topic to be measured on the same scale.

97
Q

Mara Palazzoli

A

MILAN SYSTEM of family therapy, one way mirror, circular questioning.

98
Q

Perls

A

1940s founded Gestalt therapy

99
Q

John Piaget

A
  • sensorimotor etc PSYCHODEVELOPMENTAL theory
100
Q

Johann Reil

A

Coined ‘psychiatrie’ in 1808. Probably the first psychiatric journal introduced.

101
Q

Ringleman

A
  • in 1880 noticed social loafing in which individual performance decreases in a group eg tug of war/ clapping
102
Q

Carl Rogers

A

person centered therapy/ client centered psychotherapy, 1940-1950s. Unconditional positive regard, uses Q sort test (they have to sort statement cards for themselves and their idea self, eg ‘I am a good person’.

103
Q

Rutter

A

deprivation (disrupted attachment) vs priviation (not forming attachments)

104
Q

Anthony Ryle

A

1990s Cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) –therapist writes letters to patient, time limited 16-24 sessions, designed for use in NHS. Faulty procedures: Traps, Snags, Dilemmas, restricted role repertoires. EUPD patients have ‘hair-trigger’ role switches

105
Q

Schachter-singer

A

labelling theory/ jukebox theory/ 2 factor theory. : On perception of a stimulus, both physiological changes and a conscious experience of general arousal take place simultaneously. Positive or negative labelling occurs due to situational cues.

106
Q

Sheriff

A

Realistic conflict theory, Robber’s Cove summer camp experiment. Mere perception of another group’s existence can spark discrimination.

107
Q

Manfed Sakel

A

1927 Insulin Coma Therapy, used ++ in 1940s and 1950s

108
Q

Martin Seligman

A

stimuli preparedness (explains why more likely to be snake phobic than watch phobic), also learned helplessness

109
Q

Seman

A

Stop and start sexual technique in premature ejaculation

110
Q

Skinner

A

Operant conditioning, behavioural therapy

111
Q

Sutton

A

Described delirium tremens

112
Q

Thomas Szasz

A

1960 ‘The Myth of Mental Illness’

113
Q

Harry Stack Sullivan

A

Neo Freudian, PSYCHODYNAMIC Interpersonal Therapy

114
Q

William Tuke

A

family started the York Retreat, his grandson called this moral treatment of the mentally ill

115
Q

Thorndike

A

trial and error learning as part of operant conditioning

116
Q

Thomas & Chess

A

New York Longitudinal study 1986, 9 dimensions of childhood temperament. Easy (40%), difficult (10%) and slow to warm up children (15%), ungrouped 35%.

117
Q

Tolman

A

latent learning. Rats in mazes. Reinforcement may be necessary for a performance of learned response but not necessary for the learning itself to occur

118
Q

Vygotsky

A

child as an apprentice, not a scientist, mother as scaffolding, zone of proximal development

119
Q

Von Karft-Ebbing

A

Sadism, masochism, paraphilias

120
Q

Donald Winnicott

A

Good enough mother’, ‘Holding environment’, ‘transitional object’

121
Q

Wolpe

A

reciprocal inhibition, systematic desentisitisation

122
Q

Yalom

A

cited 11 ‘curative’ factors responsible for change in groups. The curative factors include instillation of hope, universality, imparting information (feedback), altruism, corrective recapitulation,
socialisation techniques, imitative behaviour, interpersonal learning, group cohesiveness, catharsis and existential factors.

123
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

An inverted U shaped curve relates level of arousal with performance of an act.

124
Q

French and Raven

A

1959 5 base theory of power: legitimate power, referent power (charisma), expert power, reward power, coercive power

125
Q

Bateman & Fonagy

A
  • mentalisation therapy- ability to understand the mental state of one self and others based on overt behaviour, used for borderline PD. Focuses less on past and unconscious.
126
Q

Holmes and Rahe

A

Social readjustment rating scale, based on a list of 43 life events. Death of a spouse was arbitrariliy rated as the most serious life event

127
Q

Halo Effect

A

tendency to perceive people as wholly good or bad based on a few observed traits

Devil Effect/ Association fallacy = the halo effect when someone seen as bad, eg police wrongly suspecting someone who ‘looks like a criminal’

128
Q

Barnum Effect/ Forer Effect

A

believing that horoscopes or palmistry have specific reference to individuals

129
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

short term improvement if people know they are being watched, eg audit at work

130
Q

Pygmalion Effect/ Rosenthal Effect

A

self fulfilling prophecy eg if teachers have poor expectations the students internalise the negative label and perform badly

131
Q

Premack’s principle

A

states that high frequency behaviour can be used to reinforce low frequency behaviour. This is also called as Grandma’s rule – eat the carrot and get the dessert.

132
Q

• Declaration of Geneva

A

Introduced following the crimes which had just been committed in Nazi Germany, the Declaration of Geneva was intended as a revision of the Hippocratic Oath.

133
Q

• Declaration of Helsinki

A

This is a statement of ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.

134
Q

• Declaration of Tokyo

A

This states that doctors should refuse to participate in, condone, or give permission for torture, degradation, or cruel treatment of prisoners or detainees.

135
Q

• Declaration of Malta

A

This offers guidelince to doctors treating people who are on hunger strike.

136
Q

• Declaration of Lisbon

A

This is an international statement of the rights of patients.

137
Q

• Declaration of Ottawa

A

This sets out the principles necessary for optimal child health

MRCPsych Paper A (2 decks)

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