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Reproductive Biology > Family Size in Human Societies > Flashcards

Family Size in Human Societies Flashcards

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1
Q

Does an increase in fertility treatments lead to an increase in down syndrome?

A

Not necessary - the risk of any aneuploidy including DS increases with maternal as to does the use of fertility treatments. One does not cause the other but they are a bit related.

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2
Q

Are more people deciding to have children later in life?

A

Yes

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3
Q

What is the average family size in europe?

A

Around 1.8

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4
Q

Does scotland have a record low birth rate?

A

Yes

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5
Q

How big were families in the late 1800’s?

A

Around 7

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6
Q

What is the most children born to one woman?

A

69 (16 sets of twins, 7 sets of triplets, 4 sets of quads).

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7
Q

What is the largest number of children fathered by a man?

A

Ismail the bloodthirsty only counted his sons and if we presume he had as many daughters as he had sons he’d have 1400

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8
Q

How big were hunter gather societies families?

A

4 - 6

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9
Q

What happens during lactation with oxytocin?

A

The baby suckling causes oxytocin to be released from the hypothalamus which causes milk let down from the mammary glands. This lets the baby feed.

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10
Q

What happens to prolactin during lactation?

A

After suckling not only is oxytocin released from the hypothalamus so to is prolactin from the pituitary gland. This causes milk production to get the next meal ready.

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11
Q

What does lactation do to GnRH?

A

Disrupts the GnRH release from the hypothalamus which decreases LH. A LH surge usually causes ovulation and without this no more eggs are released. This mean the baby is keeping away potential competition for food.

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12
Q

What is lactational amenorrhea?

A

The disruption of the GnRH and LH system stopping ovulation during lactation.

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13
Q

Why do hunter gatherer societies have small family sizes?

A

The mothers were breast feeding on demand and this frequency of feeding meant that lactational amenorrhea acted as a good contraceptive.

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14
Q

Why did the affects of lactational ammenorrhea stop and families grow bigger?

A

People were not feeding on demand anymore due to increase of formula, wet nurses etc. Also babies are not kept as close as they had to be in hunter gatherer societies e.g. 24/7.

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15
Q

What other factors influenced family size?

A

Nutrition is getting better and therefore puberty age is reducing leading to increased family size due to more time to have kids.

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16
Q

Why did family size reduce in the 20th century?

A

Contraceptives, people waiting until they are older to have children.

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17
Q

Does infertility increase with age?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What happened in 1978?

A

The first child of IVF was born - Louise Brown

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19
Q

Where children fed for longer in hunter gatherer societies?

A

Yes

20
Q

Is the growth of the population slowing down?

A

Yes

21
Q

Why is the population growing if fertility rates is getting lower?

A

People are living longer

22
Q

What is the cut of age for IVF in Britain and how many times do you get on the NHS?

A

40 and you get 3 tries

23
Q

When will drop in fertility occur?

A

When women approach the menopause

24
Q

Is infertility as women grow older just due to them not having many eggs?

A

No because infertility skyrockets when women still have eggs e.g. 30 - 35

25
Q

Is infertility to do with quality of eggs?

A

Yes - we know this because women in their late 40’s can get an egg donation and this doesnt have any less chance of failing than someone getting pregnant early 20’s.

26
Q

This then brings questions of how old should the cut off be for women getting pregnant with donated eggs - what is the oldest new mother in the world?

A

75

27
Q

Does ART increase chances of multiple births?

A

Yes

28
Q

Does multiple births increase with age of mother?

A

Yes

29
Q

Are women and men treated differently in the news when having children at later ages?

A

Yes - men are treated better (its good), women get very negative veiws.

30
Q

What are implications of older men having children?

A

There is negative effects for the babies, e.g. increases chances of shizophrenia, autism, leukemia etc.

31
Q

Can men be infertile to?

A

Yes - half of all fertility problems come form men

32
Q

What is IVF?

A

This involves both egg and sperm being placed in dishes. The sperm will enter the egg and this can be transplanted into to the women.

33
Q

What is ICSI?

A

This is when a sperm is injected directly into the egg before its placed into the women.

34
Q

What is suzi?

A

They placed the sperm in between the egg and the zona pellucida but this isnt done anymore.

35
Q

What is ROSI?

A

Round Spermatid Injection - once sperm has completed mitosis they do not have tails or heads as they are not yet matured. These are injected straight into an egg.

36
Q

Can you get ‘add ons’ for ART?

A

Yes but they do not improve anything.

37
Q

Are babies produced via ART healthy?

A

Yes - there has been some articles published indicating they might have issues with things such as high blood pressure but most studies are reassuring.

38
Q

Does Epigenetic conditions increase in ART?

A

Only slightly

39
Q

Why would IVF babies be healthier than naturally concieved babies?

A

Anyone going for IVF really want that baby whereas not all naturally conceived babies are.

40
Q

What are some ethical problems of IVF seen in the news?

A
  • The selling and fighting during a divorce over frozen embryos.
  • Using deceased childrens sperm to make grandchildren or replace their new children.
  • Doctors using their own sperm to produce embryos
  • Also country swapping to get IVF with more lax laws than your country.
  • Buying sperm from celebrity look alikes
41
Q

What is embryo screening?

A

Was developed for screening for genetic conditions so you get the healthiest baby.

42
Q

What is a designer baby?

A

A baby chosen specifically to match parents preferences whether that be cosmetically (e.g. sex selection, hair colour) or biologically e.g. to be a donor to their other sick child (stem cells).

43
Q

Can you freeze eggs?

A

Yes - normally done when people are young so if they run into fertility issues later they should be okay,

44
Q

Why could freezing eggs be bad?

A

Puts of having children until a later stage which might be bad depending on how old you put it off too.

Its not that successful in 6 years only 41 live births where achieved using frozen eggs - a success rate of 10%

45
Q

Will some companies offer to freeze eggs?

A

Yes - apple and facebook do to encourage people to have kids later and therefore not have to deal with maternity leave early in careers.

Reproductive Biology (21 decks)

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