Family & Household Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
What is primary socialisation?
A
The process by which parents teach children to behave in a way society expects and accepts.
2
Q
What is secondary socialisation?
A
The way in which we are socialised outside of the family. Agents of secondary socialisation include schools, the workspace and mass media.
3
Q
What is ethnocentricity?
A
When the dominant culture of a society imposes their values and beliefs on other social groups
4
Q
What is geographical mobility?
A
the physical movement of people ad families around the country, usually in search of work.
5
Q
What is relative isolation?
A
When family members have less frequent physical contact with their extended family, they can be said to be living in a relative isolation state.
6
Q
What is urbanisation?
A
the movement of people who had previously lived in rural areas to more urban areas (often in search of factory work)
7
Q
What is consumption?
A
the spending of money on goods and services. The family functions as a major unit of economic consumption, buying a family car, kitchen appliances.
8
Q
What is symmetrical?
A
Balanced equilibrium. Young & Wilmott argued that in the 1970s the symmetrical family had become the norm in Britain
9
Q
What is alienation?
A
according to Marxists, workers experience alienation because of the lack of control, purpose and satisfaction they experience in their jobs.
10
Q
What is reproductive technology?
A
the scientific developments that help men and women with fertility problems have children e.g. IVF
11
Q
What are matrifocal families?
A
when women are the head of the family. Fathers may or may not be present, but they occupy a secondary role to the mother. Matrifocal are thought to be more common in African Caribbean families.
12
Q
What is the service sector?
A
Jobs that deal with the creation and transfer of information and services, rather than products and goods. Service sector jobs include, nursing, cleaning, health.
13
Q
What is genderquake?
A
The dramatic cultural change in women’s attitudes, causing them to have radically different attitudes towards family responsibilities, education and careers when compared with their grandparents. - Helen Wilkinson
14
Q
What are reproductive rights?
A
The rights that women have over their bodies. These include the right to contraception and the right to abortion.
15
Q
What is the welfare state?
A
A collection of government policies introduced in 1944 and 1948, which brought about the NHS, the extension of schooling, the benefits system and a commitment to full employment.
16
Q
What is maternal deprivation?
A
The bond between a mother and a newly-born child must not be broken, as a breaking of this bond leads to a child experiencing maternal deprivation, causing them to experience psychological problems which might be acted out later in life through crime and delinquency. - John Bowlby
17
Q
What is the underclass?
A
A social group that is supposedly workshy and dependant on welfare benefits, which act as a disincentive to search for a job. This underclass socialises its children into deviant social values and behaviour.
18
Q
What is family ideology?
A
A set of ideas promoting the heterosexual, nuclear family as the ideal family, in which the father is the head of the household and the mother focuses on nurturing and caretaking of children.
19
Q
What is the feminisation of the economy?
A
The inclusion of women in the economy and the workforce rise in service sector jobs
20
Q
What are 5 national policies?
A
- Sure start
- Pupil premium
- New Deal for lone parents
- Changes in the national curriculum
- Introduction of league tables
21
Q
What is the general marriage rate?
A
Marriages per 1000 men/women over the age of 16 per year
22
Q
What is monogamy?
A
Having one husband or one wife at a time
23
Q
What is serial monogamy?
A
Marrying more than once in your life because of divorce and/or death
24
Q
What is polygamy?
A
Marriage to more than one partner at the same time. There are two types of polygamy.
25
What is polygyny?
When a religion or culture allows a man to take more than one wife
26
What is polyandry?
When a religion or culture allows a woman to take more than one husband
27
What is the British nationality act (1948)?
The status of a British citizen on all commonwealth subjects & recognised their right to work & settle in the UK & to bring their families with them.
28
What is the arrival of the Empire Windrush (1948)?
The merchant vessel Empire Windrush arrived at Tilbury docks carrying 392 workers from the Caribbean. They had come to Britain to assist with post-war reconstruction
29
What is the commonwealth immigration act (1962)?
The legalisation was passed to restrict the number of commonwealth immigrants to Britain. Applications now had to have work permits, which were given mostly to skilled migrants, such as doctors
30
What is the immigration act (1971)?
The 'right to abode' was limited to those with a prior link to the UK, such as a parent or grandparent who was born there.
31
What is the European Economic Community (1973)?
Britain found a new international role as a member of the European Economic Union
32
What is the single European act (1987)?
By 1922 people of EU member states had the right to live, work and study in any EU country.
33
What is the nationality, immigration & asylum act (2002)?
This created the first English test & citizenship exam for immigrants & introduced measures against bogus marriages.
34
What is the golden age?
The new right believes that the nuclear family is essential for children learning morals and maintaining moral order
35
According to demographics 1900 why do women live longer than men?
Smoking, drinking, drugs, overeating, men worked in more dangerous jobs
36
What is demography?
The study of populations & characteristics
37
What is birth rate?
no. births per 1000 of the population a year
38
What is fertility rate?
no. births per 1000 women aged 15-44 a year
39
What is death rate?
no. deaths per 1000 of the population a year
40
What is the dependency ratio?
Relationship between independent and non-working dependent parts of the population.
41
What is the effect of children on changes infertility?
The effect of children of changes in fertility are dependant on the earning and taxes of their parents
42
What is the effect of fewer children on changes infertility?
It reduces the burden of dependency
0-18 dependant
18-65 working age
65+ retirement
43
What's the general idea around coalition policies?
The new right think tank
centre for social justice
produced report in 2006
Breakdown Britain
44
What 3 things did the coalition policy blame for a family breakdown?
Dissolution - divorce was too easy
Dysfunction - family not socialising properly
Dadlessness - no father figure
45
What did the New Deal do for lone parents in 1999?
- Sure start
- Delivers services to support young children and their
families in the poorest 20% of England
- Government to establishing 3,500 children centres some dictated new buildings for childcare, advice for parents, drop-in sessions and activities for parents and their children, health services.
46
What age is 'young-elderly'?
| What age is 'elderly-elderly'?
65-80
| 80+
47
The most common type of household for the elderly to live in?
Couple household - in a relationship/ marriage
48
Describe patterns in extended family today?
Still 500,000 three-generation families
49
In the next 50 years, why will there be less family support for their elderly population
Couples are either having one or no babies now so won't have much family support from their children.
50
Difficulties faced by the 'pivot' generation in beanpole families?
Pivot generation has to take care of their children & parents.
51
Why do some postmodernists believe women are choosing to have fewer children?
People have more freedom, exposed to maternalism & leisure so choose not to have children.
52
How many children did the average woman have in:
1900
2001
2012
3. 5 children average
1. 63 children average
1. 94 children average
53
What year did women have right to use contraceptive pill?
1961
54
Difference in total fertility rate (TFR) of women born in UK to born outside UK?
Born inside UK - 2.19 babies in 2013
| Born outside UK - 1.79 babies in 2013
55
In 2013, what percentage of babies born were only child babies?
47% only childs
56
Two main types of dual-earner roles in families?
Man earns major share of family income, woman works part-time.
57
Why did the participants in McAllister & Clarke's investigation not want to have children?
Because high qualified women don't want children as they are driven by their careers.
58
Why has there been a fall in death rate but a rise in life expectancy?
Council flats & homes with good ventilation.
59
What was the impact of the introduction of the welfare state?
Provided a range of social & economic services & support.
60
What impact did the creation of the NHS (1948) have?
Prevented diseases
General health service
'Free' health care
61
Why is Britain experiencing an ageing population?
When older people were born, women had larger families. Decline in death rate. Decline in fertility rate.
62
Trend in GMR between 1970 & 2011?
Steep decline in marriage
63
Trend in mean marriage age at first marriage between 1972 & 2012?
```
Men:
24.9 in 1972
32.4 in 2012
Women:
22.9 in 1972
30.3 in 2012
```
64
What percentage of middle-class people marry compared to working-class people according to the Office for national statistics?
In 2012:
66. 3% middle-class
44. 5% working-class
65
Why is marriage becoming a middle-class institution in America according to Sarah Corse?
There is a rise in unstable casual employment therefore people are less likely to marry.
66
Difference between forced marriage & arranged marriage?
Forced - Marriage conducted without the valid consent of both partners.
Arranged - Mutual decision about proposed match - someone they like.
67
Why are arranged marriages more likely to be happy & long-lasting than 'love' marriages, according to Robert Epstein?
Those in regular marriages felt less love over time, those who marry for love are blinded by passion & lust.
68
No. of forced marriages in 2013 & 2018 in UK?
2013 - 1,302 forced marriages
| 2018 - 1,764 forced marriages
69
Why is it hard to assess the real number of forced marriages?
Not everyone owns up to being in a forced marriage so the statistics on forced marriages will be lower than it's meant to be.
70
What is cohabitation?
Living with a partner, but not being married or in a civil partnership with them.
71
What has happened in the numbers of coupes cohabitating from 1996 - 2012?
Couples cohabitating have doubled since 1996 - 2012.
72
What has happened in the numbers of children born in wedlock from 1938 - 2012?
Rise from 4% in 1938 to 44.5% in 2012 of unmarried couples having children.
73
What is the divorce reform act?
Irretrievable breakdown option made divorcing easier to do. Made cheaper so more accessible to people.
74
Why do people have higher expectations of marriage today?
Couples are no longer prepared to put up with 'empty shell' marriages or take their relationship for granted.
75
Why have women's expectations changed about marriage?
Women value friendship in marriage & emotional gratification more than men do, so women have filed more divorces as they are more unhappy.
76
What has the entry of women into the labour force done to marriages?
This resulted in an independent wage & more choice available to women when it came to the ending of a marriage.
77
Why are women less willing to take full responsibility for domestic tasks?
Working wives feel if they continue to be seen by their partner as responsible for the bulk of the housework and childcare then the partner won't help them.
78
What has secularisation done to society?
Divorce is no longer associated with stigma & shame, due to decline in religious beliefs & practices.
79
What is happening about the declining influence of extended family on divorce?
Divorce traditionally had put pressure on couples to stay together in order to avoid the 'wicked' & 'shameful' labels associated with divorce.
80
What 3 things did Beck & Beck-Gernsheim blame the increase in divorce on?
Individualisation
Conflict
Choice
81
What is 'individualisation' according to Beck & Beck-Gernsheim proposal for the increase in divorce?
People under less pressure to conform to traditional collective goals set by members of the extended family, religion or culture.
82
What is 'conflict' according to Beck & Beck-Gernsheim proposal for the increase in divorce?
Both genders go into marriage wanting different things. More likely to be conflict between couple because of natural clash on interest.
83
What is 'choice' according to Beck & Beck-Gernsheim proposal for the increase in divorce?
Economic changes mean people have greater lifestyle choice & living arranges available. Greater family diversity in lifestyle relationship choices, (marriages, cohabitation or divorce).
84
Why did Wall believe that the extended family household was in decline?
He concluded that 40% of elderly had been taken in by their relatives, but dropped to only 5% by mid-1990s.
85
How do we know the extended family, with children caring for their aged parents, is experiencing a revival?
It was estimated that they were 500,000 3 generation households in the UK.
86
How does the extended family vary across the different ethnic groups?
68% of Asian women aged 85+ lived in multigeneration extended households.
87
Why might feminists sociologists be concerned about families taking care of their elderly parents?
Feminists believe that women's disproportionate responsibility for caring for elderly relatives leads to economic inequality.
88
What are beanpole families, according to Brannen?
4 generation families.
89
Who are the 'pivot' generation?
If you're a grandparent are still alive.
90
What percentage of people aged 50-60 are responsible for looking after an elderly parent or grandchild?
10%
91
What percentage of the nation's grandparents look after their grandchild for an average of 10 hours a week?
47%
92
How much do parents save in childcare when they get the grandparents to look after the children?
£11 billion
93
Where does the money from pensions come from?
Contributions of the current workforce pay for the state pensions.
94
Why does the ageing population create a 'burden of dependency'?
There will be a greater tax burden on a shrinking number of future workers in order to pay for the pensions of a fast-growing number of future elderly people.
95
How will the ageing population create problems for future governments?
The increase of elderly people over the age of 85 will put pressure on the NHS & care home capacity.
96
What percentage of the elderly population lives in households with their partner in 2001 & 2011?
52. 6% - 2001
| 56. 8% - 2011
97
What happens when one partner falls ill?
The other partner becomes the primary carer.
98
How many of the elderly are essentially carers for their spouses?
1.3 million people
99
Why is it more likely for women to be the carer in elderly couples?
There are more women than men aged 65+.
| Also, women live longer so will be capable to look after their ill partner.
100
What percentage of one-person households are composed of the elderly?
47% are one-person household.
101
What percentage of elderly one-person households are women?
68% are one-person women household.
102
How many widows are there in the UK compared to widowers?
1.7 million.
103
Which single-person households are most likely to be dependant on support from family members?
The elderly-elderly (aged 80+).
104
Why does Chambers think that family support for single-person won't exist in the future?
Families are getting smaller.
Women are choosing not to have children.
Higher levels of geographical mobility.
105
Why does Patricia Morgan (2000) think marriage is centrally important to society?
Married people make better workers.
Marriage creates a more moral society.
Marriage is good for mental health.
106
What reasons has Rector (2014) given for the welfare state damaging marriage?
Women use welfare as a substitute for husbands income.
| Single parenthood is an option.
107
Why does Patricia Morgan (2000) & the New right think secularisation is responsible for the decline in marriage rates?
Wedding vows aren't taken seriously or seen as holy.
| Adultery & divorce no longer considered shameful.
108
What does Patricia Morgan (2000) think about increased cohabitation in terms of marriage decline?
The number of cohabiting couples has doubled in the last 2 decades, cohabitation is replacing marriage.
109
What is the nuclear family?
Sexual relationship between parents & have children.
110
What are the 4 functions of the nuclear family?
Reproductive
Sexual
Educational
Economic
111
What is the reproductive function of the nuclear family?
Enables reproduction.
| Children need to be born into secure, married households.
112
What is the sexual function of the nuclear family?
Allows people to satisfy sexual needs.
113
What is the educational function of the nuclear family?
Primary socialisation.
| Parents teach children society's values & behaviours.
114
What is the economic function of the nuclear family?
Parents (parents) are motivated to be productive workers because they have sole responsibilities for the family income.
115
In what way is Murdock's theory ethnocentric?
He's claiming his culture of the nuclear family is better/ dominant.
116
Does the nuclear family still perform a necessary sexual function?
Yes, it does but with different genders or same genders.
117
Does the nuclear family still perform a necessary reproductive function?
Yes & no, as you can still reproduce with having a carrier or adoption or IVF.
118
Why might the nuclear family no longer perform its educational function effectively?
Modern technology distracts children & also teaches them through technology.
119
What's the change in the number of one-parent families from 1961 - 2012?
1961 - 2%
| 2012 - 25%
120
How many single families are headed by women?
91% ran by women, 49% single mothers had children within the marriage
121
What are 2 reasons women might find themselves single parents?
49% single mothers had children within the marriage & were then divorced or widowed. Familial ideology reinforces that women are the main carers for their children.
122
How many single-parent families are headed by teenagers?
2%
123
Why are there more single mothers? - New right perspective
Women use the 'perverse incentive' which is where they claim money from the government for being a single-parent. They use the welfare state as a way of getting money.
124
Why are there more single mothers? - Feminist perspective
More women are confident that they are financially stable on their own & don't require a man to help them.
125
The centre for social justice report 'Fractured Families' (2013) states that a child brought up in a one-parent family is more likely to...?
```
Grow up in poorer housing.
Experience behavioural problems.
Gain fewer educational qualifications.
Report more depressive symptoms.
Higher levels of smoking, drinking & drugs.
```
126
Flouri & Buchanan (2002) studied 17,000 children families that had experienced separation and divorce found that the removal of a father leads to...?
Fewer educational qualifications.
More likely to be homeless.
More likely to get into trouble with the police.
Less stable, satisfying romantic relationship later in life.
127
Why does Mooney (2009) suggest that divorce may sometimes actually lead to happier outcomes for kids?
Parental conflict is more important than parental separation.
Produces negative outcome for children.
Children are more likely to have emotional & behavioural problems than children in the latter.
128
Why does Ford & Miller (1998) argue that the idea that single mothers become parents to get money from the state doesn't make sense why?
The 'perverse incentive' is flawed as the quality of life of single-parents isn't good as they're in poverty, debt & material deprivation.
The money they get from the state doesn't go to them it goes to their child.
129
Why do feminists think single-parent families will face difficulties in life?
Good housing will be given to the nuclear families whereas the single-parent families will be given the poor quality housing in a rough area with poor school & bad influenced people.
130
What is a reconstituted family (step-families)?
Is when two families join together after one or both partners have divorced their previous partners. This family option can sometimes be referred to as the blended family or step-family.
131
What percentage of families are reconstituted family (step-families)?
8% are reconstituted.
57% of these step-families are blended families - the couple has children together as well as their children from their previous marriages.
132
Explain what happens when a child is in a bi-nuclear family?
Two separate nuclear households, one headed by the father and the other headed by the mother but both in 2 different families.
The child spends half its time with its father and the other half with their mother.
133
What problems does it bring when children are in a bi-nuclear family?
The children may feel being pulled in two directions by each parent wanting to spend time with them, they want to stay 'loyal' to both parents.
134
What are consensus theories?
is a social theory that holds a particular political or economic system is a fair system
135
What are conflict theories?
Theories that see society as being made up of two or more groups with competing and incompatible interests.
Two main conflict theories:
Marxism which see society divided by social class
Feminism which see society divided by gender
136
What are structural theories?
Sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
137
What are the key differences between consensus and conflict theories?
Consensus emphasises harmony, integration and stability within society. Conflict theories, however, stress conflict, struggle and change.
An example is a functionalist theory which believes harmony is necessary for society to function effectively.
138
What are the key differences between structural and social action theories?
Unlike structural theorists, social action theorists argue that people's behaviour and life-chances are not determined by their social background. Instead, social action theorists emphasise the role of the active individual and interactions between people in shaping personal identity and in turn the wider society
139
When was the Children’s Charter & Factory Act introduced?
Historical Laws
Children’s Charter = 1889
| Factory Act = 1833
140
When was the Contraceptive pill law introduced? (Conservative right-wing Laws)
Contraceptive pill = 1961
141
When was the legalisation of abortion, equal opportunities, divorce reform act, legalisation of homosexuality for 21+, sex discrimination act introduced? (Labour left-wing Laws)
- The legalisation of abortion = 1967
- Equal opportunities = 1970
- Divorce reform act = 1969
- The legalisation of homosexuality for 21+ = 1967
- Sex Discrimination Act = 1975
142
When was the Child support act & the Children act introduced? (The New Right - a newer movement in the Conservative party)
The Child Support Act = 1991
| The Children Act = 1989
143
When was the Sure start, adoption and children act, children's act, same-sex civil partnerships, human fertilisation and embryology act introduced?
(New Labour)
```
Sure Start = 1999
Adoption and Children Act = 2002
Children’s Act = 2004
Same-sex civil partnerships = 2005
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act = 2009
```
144
When was the Same-sex marriage, child tax credit restriction to two children, troubled families programme introduced?
(Coalition - Conservative + Liberal Democrats)
Same-sex marriage = 2014
Child Tax Credit restricted to two children = 2015
Troubled Families programme = 2015
145
What is Net migration?
The number of people entering a country (immigrants) minus the number of people leaving a country (emigrants) each year
146
What is the Infant mortality rate?
The number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1000 live births per year
147
What is the Replacement Level?
The fertility rate needs to be 2.1 to replace the existing population. If it is lower than 2.1, we will see an ageing population where there are more ‘aged’ than ‘young’ in a society
148
Explain general trends in birth rate since the beginning of the 20th century?
Between 1901 to 2010 the birth rate declined from 29 per thousand to 13 per thousand
149
Explain general trends in the fertility rate since the beginning of the 20th century (how many children women are having)?
The Total Fertility Rate has also seen a general decline in the last century, from a peak of almost 3 babies per woman in the 1960s to a low point of about 1.6 babies per woman in 2001.
However, the last 15 years have witnessed an increase back up to 2 babies per woman.
150
Explain general trends in immigration since the beginning of the 20th century?
Concern over immigration is twice as high for the lower social classes as it is for the higher social classes.
151
Explain general trends in life expectancy since the beginning of the 20th century?
Life expectancy increasing majorly as NHS have such good health care the general life expectancy is increasing to around 85-90
152
Explain general trends in the death rate since the beginning of the 20th century?
Death rate decreasing as health care is improving lots with NHS
153
What 3 impacts does an ‘ageing population’ have on society?
- More money put into health care & care homes for them
| - Take money from the government and don't give back - consumer
154
How can we help to reduce the potentially negative impact of an ageing population?
Hirsch (2005) - we need to increase the retirement age, as this will be beneficial:
- people will be working and paying taxes for longer
- people will be relying on their pension for less time (both of these factors save the state money)
155
Why has the death rate decreased since the beginning of the 20th century?
NHS - great health care
Diet - people are eating healthier and doing more exercise
Introduction of the welfare state - welfare paid for people to get off the streets and to have a shelter and food
156
Define ‘conjugal roles’?
Separation of roles within the household based on the individual's gender. Clear differentiation & segregation of tasks based on the role of the individual within the family.
157
Define ‘domestic division of labour’
The domestic division of labour refers to the division of tasks within the household between partners.
158
Define ‘egalitarian marriage’
a relationship in which the benefits, duties, and obligations are equally shared by its members
