Family + house holds Flashcards
What are the reasons for a decline in death rate?
Medical improvements
Improved nutrition
Healthier lifestyles
Public health measures
Rise in living standards
What are the consequences of an ageing population?
Increase use in public services
Increase in dependency ratio
Increase of 1 person pensioner households
What are the effects of changes in fertility?
Smaller family sized
Reduced dependancy ratio as usually children make up a big part
Less demand and pressure on public services
Why are birth rates decreasing?
Changes in women’s position
Declines in infant mortality rate
Economic factors
Child centred society
Why are divorces rates increasing?
Changes in legislation
Changing attitudes + stigma
Secularisation
Rising expectations of marriage
Women’s increased financial independence
Individualisation
Feminist explanation
Why are marriage patterns changing?
Changing attitudes
Secularisation
Declines stigma
Changes position of women
Fear of divorce
Cohabition
Migration (increase in marriages)
One person households
What is the functionalist perspective of the family?
Murdock: 4 functions of family
sexual function
reproductive function
economic function
socialisation
Parsons: 2 functions
Warm bath (EVERYONE BENEFITS)
primary socialisation of children
What is the marxist perspective of the family?
Althusser: herirachy + inequality is natural + inevitable
Zaretsky: safe haven for men
Engles: nuclear family emerged due to capitalism
What is the New Right perspective on the family?
Nuclear family is ideal - provides socialisation, discipline + moral guidance
Murray: welfare state creates a cultue of dependency
What is the personal life perspective on the family?
Must understand the person and their relationships to understand the family
Bottom up approach
What is the feminist perspective on the family?
Liberal: acknowledge progress but recognise reforms are still necessary
Radical: Greer argue must adopt political lesbianism to achieve equality. Abolish the family as root of the patriarchal system
Marxist:main source of women’s oppression is capitalism, unpaid domestic labour
Difference: can’t generalise about women’s experience as not all from conventional nuclear family
What were the main migration patterns from 1900-1945?
Early 20th Century & War Impact
Irish Migration: Continued migration from Ireland due to economic hardship, potato famin, with many working in construction and domestic services.
Jewish Migration: Many Jewish refugees fled Nazi persecution in Germany and Eastern Europe, settling in Britain.
Colonial Migration: Some migration from British colonies, particularly India and Africa, for work and military service during both World Wars.
Impact of War: WWII disrupted migration, with many men conscripted and some areas experiencing depopulation due to bombing and war casualties.
What migration patterns were occurring from 1945-1970?
POST WAR MIGRATION + WINDRUSH GEN
Labour Shortages & Reconstruction: After WWII, the UK faced severe labour shortages, leading the government to encourage migration from the Commonwealth.
Windrush Generation (1948+): Large-scale migration from the Caribbean, particularly Jamaica, Trinidad, and Barbados, to work in industries like the NHS, transport, and manufacturing.
Indian & Pakistani Migration (1950s-60s): Many South Asians arrived to work in factories, textiles, + services, esp in cities like Leicester, Birmingham, and Bradford.
Legislation & Tensions: Racial tensions increased, leading to the Commonwealth Immigrants Act (1962, 1968), which restricted non-white immigration
What were the main migration patterns from 1970s-90s?
Restrictive Policies & Global Migration
Immigration Acts (1971 & 1981): These further restricted migration from the Commonwealth and prioritised European migrants.
Refugee & Asylum Seekers: Conflicts such as the Ugandan Asian crisis and the Bosnian War led to waves of asylum seekers.
EU Migration (1990s): The UK saw increased migration from southern and eastern Europe, especially after the Maastricht Treaty (1992), which enhanced EU mobility.
What are the main migration from 2000s to present times?
Globalisation & EU Expansion
EU Expansion: Poland, Lithuania, and other Eastern European countries joined the EU, leading to a surge in migration for work.
Refugee Crisis: Conflicts in Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq increased asylum seekers.
Brexit (2016): Led to stricter immigration policies and a decline in EU migration, with more focus on skilled workers.
Ukraine: war in Ukraine has led to many migrating to England to escape the current dangers imposed
