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Semester 3: Virology > Family: Coronaviridae > Flashcards

Family: Coronaviridae Flashcards

1
Q

Coronavirus

Group 1a

What are the 4 viruses in this group?

A
  1. Feline enteric coronavirus
    • formerly feline infectious peritonitis virus
  2. Canine coronavirus
  3. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus of swine
  4. Porcine respiratory coronavirus
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2
Q

Coronavirus

Group 1b

What is the virus in this group?

A
  1. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
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3
Q

Coronavirus

Group 2a

What are the 4 viruses in this group?

A
  1. Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus
  2. Mouse hepatitis virus
  3. Sialodacryoadenitis virus of rats
  4. Bovine coronavirus
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4
Q

Coronavirus

Group 2b

What are the 2 viruses in this group?

A
  1. SARS coronavirus (humans)
  2. SARS coronavirus (civet cats, bats)
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5
Q

Coronavirus

Group 3

What are the 2 viruses in this group?

A
  1. Avian infectious bronchitis virus
  2. Turkey coronavirus, Bluecomb virus
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6
Q

What are the 2 characteristic shapes of viruses found in Family Coronaviridae? How can you distinguish between the 2?

A
  1. Coronavirus have icosahedral internal core structure enclosing a helical nucelocapsid
  2. Torovirus have a tightly coiled tubular nucleocapsid bent intoa. doughnut shape
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7
Q

Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE) in Pigs

Coronavirus Group 1A

A
  • highly infectious viral disease of pigs
  • vomiting, dehydration, diarrhea, high mortality (piglets)
  • older pigs susceptible, but have milder clinical signs
  • Classified as OIE List B disease
  • 2 forms: epidemic and endemic forms
  • reported in USA
  • exact mode of transmission not clear, BUT fecal-oral (major route of transmission); can also spread via aerosol
  • incubation period: 24-48 hours
  • onset SUDDEN
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8
Q

What are the 2 forms of TGE (Transmissible Gastroenteritis in Pigs)?

A
  1. Epidemic form:
    • when virus is first introduced into susceptible herd
    • observed most often in winter
    • rapid spread, high morbidity + mortality (piglets)
  2. Endemic form:
    • when virus persists in a partially immune herd OR due to concurrent porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) infection (a deletion mutant of TGE virus)
    • less severe form of disease + much lower mortality or morbidity
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9
Q

What is the pathogenesis pathway of TGEV (Transmissible Gastroenteritis in Pigs)?

A
  1. normal intestinal villi becomes infected with TGE
  2. blunting + fusion of intestinal villi results in marked villus atrophy and fusion
  3. Malabsorption
  4. Diarrhea
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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of TGE (Transmissible Gastroenteritis in Pigs)?

A
  • profuse diarrhea (piglets)
  • vomiting
  • severe depression + dehydration
  • watery, yellow-green stool with offensive odor
  • feces contain clots of undigested milk
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11
Q

What are Post Mortem findings of TGE (Transmissible Gastroenteritis in Pigs)?

A
  • distended intestine showing translucent intestinal wall and fluid ingesta
  • dilated stomach containing undigested milk
  • bloated gut
  • presence of gases and atrophy of intestinal villi
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12
Q

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED)

Coronavirus Group 1b

A
  • although clinical signs similar, PED virus unrelated to TGE virus (Group 1a)
  • spread via fecal-oral route
  • cause acute outbreaks of severe diarrhea, vomiting
  • spread quickly across many US states - severe economic losses
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13
Q

Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis (Vomiting & Wasting Disease in Pigs)

A
  • coronavirus with hemagglutinating properties
  • spread via aerosol route - contact with nasal secretions from infected or carrier swine
  • PHE virus has 2 forms:
    • Vomiting and Wasting Disease (VWD) form
      • usually piglets <4 weeks of age
    • encephalomyelitic form
      • usually piglets <2 weeks
  • form depends on pathogenicity of strain, age and litter susceptiblity
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14
Q

What is the pathogenicity process of Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis (Vomiting & Wasting Disease in Pigs)

A
  1. pig becomes infected via aerosol route from contact with nasal secretions from infected or carrier swine
  2. viral replication occurs in nasal mucosa
  3. viral replication further occurs in lungs, tonsils, small intestine
  4. virus spreads via peripheral nervous system to CNS
  5. replication in brain stem, cerebrum, cerebellum
    1. becomes Acute Encephalomyelitis (piglets <2 weeks) OR
    2. virus replication in Ganglion Distale vagi -> vomiting -> malnutrition -> wasting OR
    3. disturbance in gastric emptying (replication vagal ganglion, lesions in intramural plexi of stomach) -> malnutrition -> wasting
  6. Wasting usually in piglets <4 weeks of age

* Form depends on pathogenicity of strain, age & litter susceptibility

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15
Q

Bovine Coronavirus Infection in Calves

A
  • diarrhea in calves (1 day to 3 months of ages, mostly 1-2 weeks)
  • common during winter months
  • spread via fecal-oral transmission, possibly aerosol by other sick calves or carrier cows (mostly mother)
  • frequent, major symptoms: profuse diarrhea
  • minor symptoms: respiratory symptoms (mild or sub-clinical rhinitis, tracheitis)
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16
Q

Bovine Coronavirus Infection in Calves

What is the pathogenicity process of Bovine Coronavirus Infection in Calves?

A
  1. calf becomes infected via fecal-oral transmission or aerosol from another sick calf or carrier cow (mostly mother)
  2. virus primarily replicates in small intestine, and also in large intestine
    1. causes atrophy of villi, destruction of crypt epithelium
    2. malabsorption, increased secretory function
    3. profuse diarrhea (frequent, major symptoms)
  3. virus also replicates in upper respiratory tract
    1. respiratory symptoms (mild or sub-clinical) rhinitis, tracheitis (minor symptoms)
17
Q

Winter Dysentery in Cows

A
  • primary etiology: a bovine Coronavirus
  • mainly transmitted by fecal-oral route
  • clinical signs:
    • sudden, explosive outbreak of diarrhea, short course
    • dark green to black colored feces, presence of blood flecks
    • dehydration
    • decline in milk production
    • some coughing
18
Q

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

A
  • a highly fatal immune-mediated disease of cats and wild felids (Cheetahs)
  • triggered by systemic infection of cats with feline coronavirus (FCoV)
  • enigmatic disease: biology poorly understood + prevention difficult
  • FCoV shed in feces by infected or transiently infected cat or chronic carrier cat
  • fecal-oral transmission (primary)
  • FCoV can also be transmitted by other routes:
    • inhalation
    • transplacental transmission
  • an intranasal vaccine was developed to prevent FIP in cats -> vaccine is not recommended
19
Q
A
20
Q

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

What are the 2 hypotheses regarding FIP infections?

A

hypothesis-1:

  • FCoV (FECV, feline eneteric corona virus) infects cat
  • FCoV (FECV) (Avirulent/less virulent)
  • mutations can result in:
    • Avirulent/less virulent variants OR
    • FIP FCoV (FIPV) (Virulent)

hypothesis-2:

  • Avirulent and Virulent forms are simultaneously circulating in cat populations
21
Q

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

What are the different types of CMI: Cell-Mediated immune responses that can occur?

A
  1. Strong CMI Response
    • prevent FIP
  2. Weak CMI & Strong Humoral Response
    • effusive (wet) form FIP
    • Peritonitis, pleuritis, vasculitis, intravascular coagulation, ascites, glomerulonephritis
  3. Intermediate response
    • non-effusive/Dry form FIP
    • small granulomas, ocular lesions, CNS involvement
22
Q

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

What is the pathogenicity process of FIP?

A
  • virulent form of FCoV (FIPV) replicate efficiently in monocytes and macrophages
  • ?????????????
23
Q

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

Effusive Form

What are the clinical signs?

A
  • distended abdomen
  • diffuse fibrinous peritonitis
  • ascites
  • pyogranulomatous foci on the serosal surface of the intestines
  • pyogranulomas in liver
  • serofibrinous pleuritis
  • abdominal viscera show pyogranulomatous foci
  • pyogranulomas on omentum
  • thoracic effusion
24
Q

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

Non-effusive Form or Dry Form

What are the clinical signs of FIP?

A
  • granulomatous inflammation & enlarged mesenteric lymph node
  • pyogranulomatous lesions (kidney)
  • granulomatous meningoencephalitis
  • granulomatous uveitis
  • keratic precipitates on the inner cornea
25
Q

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

How do you diagnose FIP?

A
  • Effusion Analysis: Rivalta Test
    • in a test tube, add one drop 98% acetic acid + 5 mL distilled water and mix thoroughly. Add one drop of effusion to tube
      • if drop disappears and solution is clear -> NEGATIVE FOR FIP
      • if drop retains its shape, drops down or attached to surface of tube -> POSITIVE FOR FIP
  • ELISA, IFA, and virus-neutralization tests
    • detect the presence of coronavirus antibodies in a cat
    • BUT, these tests cannot differentiate btwn the various strains of feline coronavirus
26
Q

Avian Infectious Bronchitis

A
  • common, highly contagious, acute, and economically important viral disease of chickens caused by coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)
  • The S protein of Infectous Bronchitis virus (IBV) is antigenically significant & a major inducer of protective immunity
  • mutation + recombination of IBV can result in:
    • genetic variation of gene encoding S protein which can result in:
      • multiple genotypes OR
      • variation in S protein which results in
        • antigenic variation -> multiple serotypes
        • some of these serotypes are protectotypes
  • protectotypes: some IBV serotypes are able to cross-protect against other IBV serotypes
    • useful in vaccines
27
Q

Avian Infectious Bronchitis (IVB)

What are the places IVB likes to cause pathogenesis?

A
  • respiratory
  • eneterotropic
  • nephrotropic
  • proventricular
  • uterotropic

common IB strains reported in literature are:

  • respiratory
  • nephrotropic

pathology is commonly observed in respiratory tract. some strains are highly nephropathogenic.

28
Q

Avian Infectious Bronchitis (IBV)

What type of vaccines are available to control IBV?

A
  • live vaccines:
    • used in meat type (broiler) chickens
    • used for the initial vaccination and priming of breeders and layers pullets
  • inactivated vaccines:
    • intended for use in layers and breeders
29
Q

Torovirus

A
  • named after unique shape of nucleocapsid, doughnut-shaped
  • causes gastroenteritis in mammals, primarily cattle
  • transmitted via fecal-oral route
30
Q

Bovine Torovirus

aka

Breda Virus

A
  • causes profuse diarrhea in young calves

Semester 3: Virology (1 decks)

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