(Families & Households)- Demography Flashcards

Question

What is the dependency ratio?

Answer 1

The dependency ratio refers to the economically dependent non-working old and young who need to be supported by the working-age population.

Answer 2

Older people sometimes being unable to leave hospital due to lack of social care, affecting NHS's ability to provide care for other patients. ## Footnote Wesley Key (2016) notes that the average annual costs of hospital and community care are three times greater for those aged 85 and older than for 65–74 year olds.

Answer 3

The ratio of non-working old and young people to those of working age, impacting the burden on the working population. ## Footnote In 2015, there were 3.2 people of working age for every one pensioner, predicted to fall to 2.8 to one by 2033.

Answer 4

The age at which people can draw their pension is rising, with both men and women having to wait until they are 66 to access the state pension, rising to 67 from 2026.

Answer 5

It has led to an increase in single-person households due to widowhood, creating pressure on housing stock and a shortage of suitable housing for the elderly. ## Footnote The amount of sheltered housing has increased but struggles to keep pace with the ageing population.

Answer 6

Negative stereotyping and unequal treatment of people based on their age, often manifesting in discrimination in employment and healthcare.

Answer 7

It argues that fixed stages of the life course have broken down, allowing individuals greater choice of lifestyle regardless of age.

Answer 8

Consumption becomes key to identities, allowing individuals to define themselves by what they consume rather than their age. As Hunt (2005) argues, this means we can choose a lifestyle and identity regardless of age: our age no longer determines who we are or how we live. ## Footnote As a result, the old become a market for a vast range of ‘body maintenance’ or ‘rejuvenation’ goods and services through which they can create their identities. These include cosmetic surgery, exercise equipment, gym memberships and anti-ageing products.

Answer 9

The old are seen as economically unproductive and thus excluded from paid work. As a result, the state is unwilling to support them adequately and so the family, especially female relatives, often has to take responsibility for their care.

Answer 10

Inequalities such as class and gender are significant, affecting occupational pensions and life expectancy. ## Footnote * Middle-class individuals typically have better pensions, while poorer old people face more infirmity. * Gender- women's lower earnings and career breaks as carers mean lower pensions. They are also subject to sexist as well as ageist stereotyping, for example being described as ‘old hags’.

Answer 11

Age is interpreted differently across cultures and times, affecting the roles and status of older people in society. ## Footnote In contemporary Britain, everyday talk, stereotypes and the media all serve to make old age appear similar to childhood. In the process, old age is infantilised . Older people are made to seem childlike. As a result, they lose the status of being adults who have full personhood.

Answer 12

From the 1900 until the Second World War, the largest immigrant group were the Irish, mainly for economic reasons, followed by Eastern and Central European Jews, who were often refugees fleeing persecution, and people of British descent from Canada and the USA. Very few immigrants were non-white. ## Footnote By contrast, during the 1950s, black immigrants from the Caribbean began to arrive in the Uk, followed during the 1960s and 1970s by South Asian immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri lanka , and by East African Asians from Kenya and Uganda.

Answer 13

Economic push factors such as recession and pull factors like higher wages abroad have driven emigration. ## Footnote For example the UK was almost always a net exporter of people : more emigrate to live elsewhere than came to settle in the UK. Since 1900, emigrants have gone to the USA, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa.

Answer 14

Migration has contributed to population growth, lowered the average age, and affected the dependency ratio. ## Footnote **For example, in 2011, the average age of UK passport holders was 41, whereas that of non-UK passport holders living in Britain was 31. Indirectly- Being younger, immigrants are more fertile and thus produce more babies.**

Answer 15

A term describing the increased diversity of migrants in terms of origin, legal status, and cultural background since the 1990s. ## Footnote Migrants now come from a much wider range of countries. Even within a single ethnic group, individuals differ in terms of their legal status; for example as citizens or spouses . A given ethnic group may also be divided by culture or religion and be widely dispersed throughout the UK.

Answer 16

In the past , most migrants were men. However today, almost half of all global migrants are female. This has been called the globalisation of gender division of labour, where female migrants find that they are fitted into patriarchal stereotypes about women's roles as carers or providers of sexual services. ## Footnote Ehrenreich and Hochschild (2003) observe that care work, domestic work and sex work in western countires like the UK and USA is increasingly done by women from poor countries.

Answer 17

Identities formed by migrants that incorporate elements from their country of origin and their new country, often leading to challenges in acceptance.

Answer 18

Migration has become a political issue, with policies aimed at controlling immigration and addressing ethnic diversity. ## Footnote Assimilation was the first state policy approach to immigration. It aimed to encourage immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs of the host culture to make them ‘like us’. For example the Life in the UK test.

Answer 19

For example Eriksen distinguishes between ‘shallow diversity’ and ‘deep diversity’. Shallow diversity refers to superficial cultural differences accepted by the state, while deep diversity involves more profound cultural practices that may not be accepted. ## Footnote * Shallow diversity,such as regarding chicken tikka masala as Britain's national dish is acceptable to the state. * Deep diversity such a arranged marriage or the veiling of women is not acceptable to the state

Answer 20

Births: number of babies born

Answer 21

Number of people who die

Answer 22

Immigration: number of people entering the country ## Footnote This statistic reflects the inflow of individuals from other nations.

Answer 23

Emigration: number of people leaving the country ## Footnote This statistic reflects the outflow of individuals to other nations.

Answer 24

number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

Answer 25

Globalisation: idea that barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly interconnected across national boundaries ## Footnote This concept highlights the growing interdependence of countries and cultures.

Answer 26

Citizens, Denizens, Helots ## Footnote Citizens have full citizenship rights, Denizens are privileged foreign nationals, and Helots are the most exploited groups.

Answer 27

Full citizenship rights (e.g. voting rights and access to benefits) ## Footnote Since the 1970s, the UK state has made it harder for immigrants to acquire these rights.

Answer 28

Privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state (e.g. billionaire oligarchs or highly paid employees of multinational companies) ## Footnote Denizens have a special status compared to other migrants.

Answer 29

Helots ## Footnote Helots are regarded as disposable units of labor power and include illegally trafficked workers.

Answer 30

Unskilled, poorly paid work ## Footnote Helots can include those legally tied to particular employers, such as domestic servants.

Answer 31

False ## Footnote Denizens are privileged but do not possess full citizenship rights like Citizens.