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Sociology (AQA) > Families - couples > Flashcards

Families - couples Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the domestic division of labour?

A

The domestic division of labour refers to the roles that men and women play in relation to housework, childcare and paid work

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2
Q

What functionalist talks about instrumental and expressive roles?

A

Talcott Parsons

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3
Q

Who plays the instrumental role?

A

The husband

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4
Q

Who plays the expressive role?

A

The wife

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5
Q

What is the instrumental role?

A

Geared towards success at work in order to provide for the family financially (the breadwinner)

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6
Q

What is the expressive role?

A

Geared towards the primary socialisation of children and meeting the family’s emotional needs (the homemaker)

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7
Q

How is the division of labour based on biological differences according to Parsons?

A

Women are naturally suited to the nurturing role and men to that of the provider

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8
Q

According to Parsons who is the division of labour beneficial for?

A

(1) men
(2) women
(3) children
(4) wider society

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9
Q

What are some criticisms of Parsons instrumental and expressive roles?

A

(1) Young and Willmott argue that men are now taking a greater share of domestic tasks and women are becoming wage earners
(2) Feminists reject the view that the division of labour is natural, and they argue that it only benefits men

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10
Q

What sociologist talks about joint and segregated conjugal roles?

A

Elizabeth Bott

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11
Q

What are segregated conjugal roles?

A

Where the couple have separate roles - a male breadwinner and a female homemaker - and their leisure activities also tend to be separate

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12
Q

What are joint conjugal roles?

A

Where couples share tasks such as housework and childcare and they also spend their leisure time together

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13
Q

What did Willmott and Young find in their study on conjugal roles in working class extended families in Bethnal Green in the 1950s?

A

Men were the breadwinners and they played little part in home life and spent their leisure time with work mates

Women were full-time housewives who were responsible for housework and childcare and the limited leisure time they had was spent with female kin

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14
Q

What sociologists take the march of progress view that the family is becoming more symmetrical

A

Willmott and Young

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15
Q

What is Willmott and Youngs march of progress view?

A

They argue that family life is becoming more equal and democratic and that there has been a long-term trend away from segregated conjugal roles and towards joint conjugal roles and the symmetrical family

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16
Q

What are 3 factors that indicate that the family is becoming more symmetrical?

A

(1) women are now becoming wage earners
(2) men now help with housework and childcare
(3) couples now spend their leisure time together

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17
Q

Who is the symmetrical family more common among?

A

(1) younger couples
(2) more geographically and socially isolated couples
(3) more affluent couples

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18
Q

What 4 major social changes have led to the rise of the symmetrical nuclear family?

A

(1) changes in women’s position
(2) geographical mobility
(3) new technology
(4) higher standards of living

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19
Q

What is the feminist view on the division of labour?

A

They argue that little has changed and that men and women still remain unequal within the family and this is because the family and society is male dominated and patriarchal

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20
Q

What feminist criticises Willmott and Young’s view?

A

Ann Oakley

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21
Q

Why does Oakley criticise Willmott and Young’s view?

A

She argues that their claim that the family is not symmetrical are exaggerated as husbands who they interviewed only helped their wives once a week and this could be a task as simple as making breakfast

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22
Q

What did Oakley find when doing her own research on the division of labour?

A

She found some evidence of husbands helping in the home but no evidence of a trend towards symmetry.

Husbands were more likely to share tasks in childcare than in housework, and even then they would take part in the more pleasurable aspects of childcare such as playing

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23
Q

What did Warde and Hetherington find about the division of labour?

A

Men only did routine ‘female’ tasks when their partners weren’t around to do them

They found evidence of a slight change of attitude among younger men as they no longer assumed that women should do the housework

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24
Q

What is the impact of paid work on the division of labour?

A

Today many more wives either work part-time or full-time and there is an argument as to whether this increases or decreases the burden of housework and childcare on women

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25
Q

What view suggest that women working full-time leads to an equal division of labour?

A

The march of progress view

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26
Q

What views suggests that women working full-time placed more of a burden on women?

A

The feminist view

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27
Q

What is the march of progress view of women working?

A

Men are becoming more involved in housework and childcare just as women are becoming more involved in paid work outside the home

Gershuny found that working women did less domestic work than those who didn’t work

Sullivan found a trend towards women doing a smaller share of the domestic work and men doing more

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28
Q

What is the feminist view of working women?

A

Women going into paid work has not lead to greater equality and there is little sign of the ‘new man’ who does an equal share of housework and childcare and therefore women now carry a dual burden

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29
Q

What is Boulton’s view on childcare?

A

Although fathers may help by performing specific childcare tasks, it is usually the mother who takes responsibility for the child’s security and well-being

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30
Q

What 3 studies supports Boulton’s view?

A

(1) Ferri and Smith - father took responsibility for childcare in fewer than 4% of families
(2) Dex and Ward - 78% of fathers played with there children but only 1% took responsibility for when their child was sick
(3) Braun, Vincent and Ball - in only 3/70 families studied was the father the main carer

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31
Q

What is a triple shift?

A

Women now have to perform a triple shift of housework, paid work and emotion work

32
Q

What is emotion work?

A

Where women are responsible for managing the emotions and feelings of family members as well as exercising control over their own emotions

33
Q

Who takes responsibility for coordinating, scheduling and managing the family’s quality time?

A

The mother

34
Q

Why has organising quality time become more difficult?

A

The emergence of a 24/7 society and flexible working pattern has led to people’s time being more fragmented which makes it difficult for families to spend quality time together

35
Q

What is the difference between men and women’s leisure time according to Southerton?

A

Men typically experience consolidated blocks of uninterrupted leisure time

Women’s leisure time however is often punctuated by childcare which indicates that they are carrying a dual burden

36
Q

What two sociologists identify two different explanations for the unequal division of labour?

A

Crompton and Lyonette

37
Q

What are the 2 explanations for the unequal division of labour?

A

(1) the cultural or ideological explanation of inequality

(2) the material or economic explanation of inequality

38
Q

What is the cultural explanation of inequality?

A

The division of labour is determined by patriarchal norms and values that shape the gender roles in our cultures and therefore women perform more domestic labour because that what society expects them and has socialised them to do

39
Q

What is the material explanation of inequality?

A

The fact that women generally earn less than means means it is economically rational for women to do more of the housework and childcare while men spend more of their time earning money

40
Q

According to the cultural explanation of inequality how will equality be achieved?

A

Equality will only be achieved when norms about gender roles change which would mean changes in men and women’s attitudes, values and expectations, role models and socialisation

41
Q

Suggest evidence for the cultural explanation of inequality

A

(1) Gershuny - couples who parents had a more equal relationship were more likely to share housework equally themselves (role models are important)
(2) Man Yee Kan - younger men do more domestic work and that they claimed to do more than their father and most women claimed they did less than their mother
(3) The British Social Attitudes survey - less than 10% of under 35s agreed with a traditional division of labour and therefore this indicates a long-term change in norms and values
(4) Dunne - lesbian couples had more symmetrical relationships because of the absence of traditional heterosexual gender scripts

42
Q

Suggest evidence for the material explanation of inequality?

A

(1) Kan - for earn £10,000 a year more a women earns, she does 2 hours less housework per week
(2) Arber and Ginn - better-paid, middle class women are more able to buy products and services that help with the housework and childcare
(3) Ramos - where the women is the full-time breadwinner and the man is unemployed, he does as much domestic labour as she does
(4) Sullivan - working full-time rather than part-time makes the biggest difference in terms of how much domestic work each partner does

43
Q

According to Kempson how are resources shared out among low income families?

A

Women deny their own needs, seldom going out, and eat smaller portions of food or even skip meals altogether in order to make ends meet

44
Q

What two feminists identify two main types of control over family income?

A

Pahl and Vogler

45
Q

What are the two types of control over family incomes that Pahl and Vogler identify?

A

(1) the allowance system

(2) pooling

46
Q

What is the allowance system?

A

Where men give their wives an allowance out of which they have a budget to meet the family’s needs, with the man retaining any surplus income for himself

47
Q

What is pooling?

A

Where both parents have access to income and joint responsibility for expenditure and this is now the most common money management system within couples

48
Q

When is decision-making and control over resources more equal?

A

When both partners work full-time

49
Q

What happens when the pooled income is controlled by the husband?

A

This still gives the husbands more power in major financial decisions

50
Q

Edgell conducted a study of professional couples and what did he find for:

(1) very important decisions
(2) important decisions
(3) less important decisions

A

(1) very important decisions such as moving house were either taken in by the husband alone or jointly with the husband having the final say
(2) important decisions such as children’s education were usually taken jointly, and seldom by the wife alone
(3) less important decisions such as food purchases were usually made by the wife

51
Q

According to Edgell why do women have less say in decision making?

A

Men are more likely to make the decision because they earn more and therefore because women usually earn less they are more dependent on men economically and therefore have less say in decision making

52
Q

What do feminists says about the inequalities in decision making?

A

They argue that it is not just the difference in wages but also that in patriarchal society, the cultural definition of men as decision makers is deeply ingrained in both men and women and instilled through gender role socialisation

53
Q

Why doesn’t pooling necessarily mean equality?

A

We need to know who controls the pooled money and whether each partner contributes equally

54
Q

What is the relationship between money and cohabiting couples?

A

Vogler found that cohabiting couples we less likely to pool their money and instead kept it separate and evidence suggests that cohabiting couples are more likely than married couples to share domestic tasks equally

55
Q

What is the meaning of money according to Nyman?

A

Money has no automatic, fixed or natural meaning and different couples can defund if in different ways (these meanings can reflect the nature of the relationship)

56
Q

What does the personal life perspective on money focus on?

A

The personal life perspective focuses on the meaning couples give to who controls the money

57
Q

What did Smart find on same-sex couples and the meaning on money?

A

She found that some gay men and lesbians attached no important to who controlled the money and were perfectly happy to leave this to their partners and they did not see the control of money as meaning either equality or inequality

58
Q

What money management system reflects co-independence?

A

The pooling of money for household spending, but separate money for personal spending and this means that there is sharing but they also have some control over some money and therefore they maintain a sense of independence

59
Q

What is domestic violence?

A

Any incident or pattern of incidents of controlling, coercive or threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between those aged 16 or over who are or have been intimate partners or family members

60
Q

What is the common view of domestic violence?

A

That it is the behaviour of a few disturbed or sick individuals and that it’s causes are psychological rather than social

61
Q

What two factors challenges the common view of domestic violence?

A

(1) domestic violence is far to widespread

(2) domestic violence does not occur randomly

62
Q

How does the factor that domestic violence is too widespread challenge to common view of domestic violence?

A

It is too widespread to be simply the work of a few disturbed individuals and the CSEW found that 2 million people reported having been victims of domestic abuse in one year

63
Q

How does the factors that domestic violence does not occur randomly challenged to common view of domestic violence?

A

It does not occur randomly but follows particular social patterns and these patterns have social causes and the most striking patterns is that domestic violence is mainly violence by men against women

64
Q

What sociologists carried out important research into domestic violence?

A

Dobash and Dobash

65
Q

Describe the procedure of Dobash and Dobash’s study

A

They research domestic violence based on police and court records and interviews with women who had been victims of domestic violence

66
Q

What did Dobash and Dobash find?

A

They found that violent incidents could be set off by what a husband saw as a challenge to his authority and they argue that marriage legitimate violence against women by conferring power and authority on husbands and dependency on wives

67
Q

Suggest evidence that represents the gender gap in domestic violence

A

(1) Walby and Allen - women were more likely to be victims of multiple incidents of abuse and sexual violence
(2) Ansara and Hindin - women suffered more severe violence and control, with more more serious psychological effects
(3) Dar - it can be difficult to count separate domestic violence incidents because abuse may be continuous

68
Q

What are the 2 ways in which official statistics underestimate the extent of domestic violence?

A

(1) victims may be unwilling to report it to the police either because they believe it’s not a matter for the police or from fear of reprisals
(2) police and prosecutors may be reluctant to record, investigate or prosecute domestic violence cases that are reported as the family is a private sphere

69
Q

What are the 2 explanations of domestic violence?

A

(1) the radical feminist explanation

(2) the materialist explanation

70
Q

What is the radical feminist explanation of domestic violence?

A

Societies are founded in patriarchy and therefore they see the division in society as that between men and women and that men are the enemy as they are the oppressors and exploiters of women

71
Q

How do radical feminists view the family and marriage?

A

They see the family and marriage as the key institutions in patriarchal society and the main source of women’s oppression and within the family men dominate women through domestic violence

72
Q

What are some evaluation points about the radical feminist explanation?

A

(1) Elliot rejects the claim that all men benefit from violence against women as not all men are aggressive and most are opposed to domestic violence
(2) radical feminists fail to explain female violence, including child abuse by women and violence against male partners and within lesbian relationships
(3) they use the concept of patriarchy to explain why most victims of domestic violence are women, but they wrongly assume that all women are equally at risk of patriarchal violence

73
Q

What is the materialist explanation for domestic violence?

A

This explanation focuses on economic and material factors to explain why some groups are more at risk that others

74
Q

How does inequality between material factors cause domestic violence?

A

Inequalities mean that some families have fewer resources and those on low incomes or living in overcrowded accommodation are likely to experience higher levels of stress and this reduces their chances of maintaining stable, caring relationships and increases the risk of conflict and violence

75
Q

What are some evaluation points on the materialist explanation of domestic violence?

A

(1) this approach is useful in showing how social inequality produces stress and triggers conflict and violence in families and therefore helps to explain the class differences in the statistics on domestic violence
(2) they do not explain why women rather than men are the main victims
(3) Marxist feminists also see inequality causing domestic violence and Ansley argues that domestic violence is the product of capitalism (men are exploited at work and take their frustration out in their wives)

Sociology (AQA) (4 decks)

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