Families-couples

Question 1

Parsons (1955)

Answer 1

-Instrumental-The breadwinner of the family (man).
-Expressive-The homemaker (women).

Question 2

Young and Willmott (1973)

Answer 2

-The symmetrical - The roles of husband and wife are not identical but very similar.
-March of Progress - Working towards equality and democracy.
-Symmetrical family - Having joint conjugal roles.

Question 3

Anne Oakley (1974)

Answer 3

-The symmetrical family claims are exaggerated.
-Although men do some of the housework, women still do the most.
-Inequality stems from the fact that we still live in a male dominated society.

Question 4

Jonathan Gershuny (1994)

Answer 4

-March of progress view
-Women working full time is leading to a more equal division of labour.
-Women working full time led them to do less domestic work.

Question 5

Oriel Sullivan (2000)

Answer 5

-When were now doing more traditional tasks.
-A trend with women doing less doemstic labour and men now doing more.
-There has been a rise in couples with an equal division of labour.

Question 6

British Social Attitudes (2013)

Answer 6

-A survey done showed that many people still think that its a mens job to make money and women to do look after the househols and kids.
-Women and men now agree this less from when it was done in 1984.

Question 7

British Social Attitudes (2012)

Answer 7

-On average, men did 8 hours of housework and women did 13 hours.
-On average, men spent 10 hours on caring for family members while women spent 23 hours.
-Couples continue to divide household tasks into traditional gender lanes.
-Women care for the sick while men do small repairs in the house.

Question 8

Ferri and Smith (1996)
Dex and Ward (2007)
Braun, Vincent and Ball (2011)

Answer 8

-Fathers took responsability for childcare fewer than 4% of families.
-Although fathers have a high l;evel of involvement, when there 3 year old is sick, fewer than 1% of fathers take responsability.
-Only 3/70 of families had fathers as the main caregiver. Most were in the background and more focused on the relationship with there partener rather than the child.

Question 9

Arlie Russell Hochschild (2013)

Answer 9

-Women have a duel burden which means that they are the homemaker and have a paid job as well ( this links to high dicorce rates).

Question 10

Duncombe and Marsden

Answer 10

-The triple shift idea.
-This idea is that women do the emotional work, housework and have a paid job.

Question 11

Dale Southerton (2011)

Answer 11

-Idea that women schedule, coordinate and manage quality time of the family.

Question 12

Crompton and Lyonette (2008)

Answer 12

-Culteral v material explanation.
-Culteral: Equality will be achieved when norms of gender roles change which would involve a change in womens and mens attitudes.
-Couples in an equal relationship are more likely to share housework equaly.
-Material: If women join the labour force and earn as much as their parteners, we should expect to see more equal amounts of domestic work.
-Middle class women are more likley to be able to buy domestic products.

Question 13

Millet and Firestone (1970)

Answer 13

-All societies have been founded on patriachy.
-Men are the oppressors, expoilters and enemys of women.

Question 14

Faith Robertson Elliott (1996)

Answer 14

-Not all men benifit from violence against women amd most are opposed to domestic violence.
-Radical feminist fail to explain female violence, including child abuse and violence against men and lesibian relationaships.

Question 15

Wilkinson and Pickett (2010)

Answer 15

-They see domestoc violence as the resuly of stress on family members caused by social inequality.
-The material explanation focuses on economic and material factors like inequalies of income.

Question 16

Fran Ansley (1972)

Answer 16

-The material explaination describes wives as ‘takers of shit’ and argues that domestic violence is the product of capitalism: male workers are expoilted at work and take out there frustrations on their wives.

Question 17

Barret and Macintosh (1991)

Answer 17

-Men gain more from womens domestic work than they give back in financial support.
-The financial support that husbands give is unpredictable and come with ‘strings attached’.
-Men usually make the important financial desicions.

Question 18

Pahl and Vogler (1993,2007)

Answer 18

-The two main types of control with money:
-Allowence system: men gives an allowance to women which they have to budget to meet needs.
-Pooling: both partners have access to income and joint responsability for expenditure.

Question 19

Hardill (1997)
Edgell (1980)

Answer 19

-Important decisions are either taken by men alone or jointly and womens lives tend to be structed around their husbands lives.
-Important decisions were taken by the husband alone or jointly and the man would have the financial decision.

Question 20

Laurie and Gershuny (2000)

Answer 20

-By 1995, 70% of couples said they had an equal say in decisions.
-Women who had high qualifying, high paying and professional jobs were more likley to have equlity.

Question 21

Nymm (2003)

Answer 21

-Money has no automatic, fixed or natraul meaning and different couples can define it in different ways and this can reflect the nature of their relationship.

Question 22

Smart (2007)
Weeks (2001)

Answer 22

-Some gay men and lesbians attached no importance to who controlled the money and were perfectly happy to leave it to their partner.#
They also didnt see money as a meaning of equality or inequality.
-Pooling reflects the value of independence as partner have seperate bank accounts for their own personal spending.