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Sociology Paper 2 > Families And Religion > Flashcards

Families And Religion Flashcards

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1
Q

Honest broker

A

Churches are often neutral ground for both sides

Good place to hold negotiations

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2
Q

Divine transcendence

A

God was so far and above human understanding that it was impossible to know his will

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3
Q

Organic intellectual

A

Educated religious leaders living in poor communities who helped form organisations e.g. trade unions
Teach them to read and write

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4
Q

Better world

A

Why Earth can’t be like heaven with equality

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5
Q

Mobilising public opinion

A

Church congregations are often large, and gatherings can be used to spread ideas

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6
Q

Dwight Billings

A

Textile workers - company churches - submissive and accepted the status quo
Miners - free local churches - joined trade unions and fought for better pay and conditions

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7
Q

High moral ground

A

Shamed whites into changing the law use the values of the whites own religion to point out the unfairness of the system through Martin Luther King

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8
Q

Asceticism

A

Faith meant they could not spend their accumulated wealth on luxuries

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9
Q

Salvation panic

A

Never truly know whether God had forgiven them

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10
Q

Predestination

A

God already knows who will pray for forgiveness and therefore have a place in heaven

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11
Q

Glorify God

A

Called to live in the world
Through their work
Hard working and disciplined
Very successful and wealthy

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12
Q

Calvinism

A

Emergence of capitalism

Followed ideas of John Calvin

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13
Q

Dual consciousness

A

Know what they are told to believe but they are not stupid - see what the world is really like

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14
Q

Civil rights movement

A

Religiously motivated social change

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15
Q

Channelling dissent

A

A way to express feelings of injustice or anger
E.g. funeral of Martin Luther King
Singing hymns

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16
Q

Religion and control

A

Ruling class used religion to maintain control telling the poor that if they are ‘meek’ and do not cause trouble then they will go to heaven

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17
Q

Weber

A

Calvinism

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18
Q

Bruce

A

Considers the civil rights movement as the backbone of the black clergy movement

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19
Q

Hegemony

A

One group has control over another

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20
Q

Lower paid jobs

A

Women willing to follow their partner meaning they would have to find a new job and start over on lower pay

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21
Q

Testing

A

In education

Leading parents to become obsessive and competitive over their progress

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22
Q

Social class

A

Different expectations of childhood
Richer parents - encourage university - music lessons
Poorer families - paper rounds

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23
Q

Cultural differences

A

Girls will often have a more restricted childhood

Asian families more strict

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24
Q

Money

A

Children in dual income households more spent on them than before
Benefits available for lone parents

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25
Q

Donzelot

A

Surveillance is not targeted equally on all families - poorer families are more likely to be seen as a problem
Policing of families

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26
Q

Individualisation

A

Families now have many different structures rather than the nuclear family

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27
Q

Department for education

A

Child abuse
Neglect
Emotional
Many families, parents put their own needs first

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28
Q

Toxic childhood

A

Rapid technological and cultural changes damaged children’s physical, emotional and intellectual development

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29
Q

Pester power

A

Large businesses deliberately target children more money spent on children than in the past

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30
Q

Obesity

A

Junk food deliberately targeted at children

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31
Q

Crime

A

Children below 10yrs old cause 3000 crimes each year

Parents often don’t know where their children are or what they are doing

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32
Q

Large families

A

Older siblings often required to take on a more adult role in looking after their siblings

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33
Q

Compulsory schooling

A

Lengthened the period of child dependency

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34
Q

Industrialisation

A

Children could not survive harsh conditions in the factories
Seeing them as innocent and vulnerable

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35
Q

Capitalism

A

Channelled their money back into their businesses thrived as a result beginning of modern capitalism

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36
Q

Jenks

A

Relationships in chaotic post modern times are increasingly unstable
Couples split and feel less secure
Held together by confluent not romantic love

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37
Q

Aries

A

Child centredness began during the industrial revolution

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38
Q

Safeguarding

A

Every child has a right to equal protection from harm

Report any concerns

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39
Q

Childs benefits

A

Mothers were paid benefits for each child without interference from the fathers

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40
Q

Divorce reform act

A

Irreconcilable differences

Neither partner has to prove the other was at fault

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41
Q

Shared parental leave

A

50 weeks off work

Companies are less likely to discriminate against women

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42
Q

Sue Palmer

A

Toxic childhood

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43
Q

Stranger danger

A

More cars on road
Alternative entertainment at home
Ferry children

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44
Q

Family size

A

Smaller families means more investment in the child’s life

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45
Q

Confluent love

A

Children cannot walk out - more protective and childhood even more precious

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46
Q

New right

A

Afraid that it encouraged mothers to be independent lone parent women were bringing up boys without a male role model
Benefits led to a dependency culture

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47
Q

Charles Murray

A

Encourages girls to have children they could not otherwise afford

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48
Q

Beck Gernstein

A

Sees rising divorce rate as a product of individualisation

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49
Q

Giddens

A

Confluent and pure love relationships

Stay in relationships only as long as it suits them

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50
Q

Gramsci

A

Can be done through ideas as much as it can be done by force

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51
Q

Young and Willmott

A

Families are becoming more symmetrical sharing instrumental and expressive roles

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52
Q

Oakley

A

Men claim to do a lot of work however women spend more time on it

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53
Q

Allen

A

Women’s jobs are less satisfying

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54
Q

Dunscombe and Masden

A

Triple shift

Paid employment, household chores and emotional work

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55
Q

Phall

A

Inequality for pay

Separate bank accounts but the women still pay for the children out their bank account

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56
Q

Compton and Lycotte

A

Women bore the biggest burden of housework

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57
Q

Southern

A

Similar leisure time

Women interrupted by a child forced to multi task

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58
Q

BSAS

A

British Social Attitudes Survey

Men spent 10 hours on care for family members but women spent 23 hours

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59
Q

Financial decisions

A

Women would pay for children’s clothes, food and furnishings

60
Q

Faith in science

A

Advances in technology have led to an increasing belief in science as a source of hope
Help living standards
Global warming

61
Q

Karl Popper

A

Points out that science is an open belief system where scientists expect their theories to be scrutinised

62
Q

Falsification

A

Popper

They begin with a theory and then set out to disprove it

63
Q

Horton

A

When fundamentalist beliefs, are threatened believers use ‘get out clauses’ to explain away anomalies

64
Q

Circular argument

A

Horton
Believers are trapped within their own idiom of belief because they accept the systems basic assumptions and dare not challenge them

65
Q

Polyani

A

All belief systems reject fundamental challenges to their knowledge claims

66
Q

Velikovsky

A

Put forward a new theory on the origins of the Earth which directly challenged long help assumptions

67
Q

Kuhn

A

Science is based on a shared set of beliefs and assumptions

68
Q

Paradigms

A

Tells scientists what reality is like, what will count as evidence and even what answers they should find when they conduct research

69
Q

Durkheim and religion

A

Sacred items evoke such powerful feelings because they represent something greater - society
Unite us as a single moral community
Studied the Arunta Clans who come together periodically to perform rituals involving worship of sacred totems which symbolise their identity and power

70
Q

Collective conscience

A

Durkheim
Shared norms, values, beliefs and knowledge
Religion performs an important function for the individual. We feel part of something greater than ourselves which gives us strength and motivation

71
Q

Mestovic

A

Argues that Durkheim’s ideas no longer apply to contemporary society because increasing diversity has fragmented the collective conscience so there is no longer a shared set of values and beliefs for religion to enforce

72
Q

Malinowski

A

Agrees with Durkheim that religion promotes solidarity, but he thinks this is because it helps individuals cope with stress that would otherwise undermine social solidarity
Studied the Trobriand islanders - there is no religious ritual for lagoon fishing, but ocean trips rely on ‘canoe magic’ which involves a series of rituals designed to keep the canoe safe
There are gaps in our total control of the world around us and sees rituals as a ‘god of the gaps’ making us feel in control

73
Q

Hindu caste

A

Marxism
Legitimises social inequality. The law of karma dictates that is you behave well in this life then you will be reincarnated into a higher caste

74
Q

Karen Armstrong 1993

A

Feminist
Argues that women have not always been subordinate to men within religion used to worship Earth mother goddesses and had female priests
From about 4000 years ago the rise of monotheistic religions created a more patriarchal approach with a male God and prophets such as Abraham and Moses
Studies how women are often blocked from positions at the top of the mainstream churches

75
Q

Natal El Saadawi

A

Feminist
Argues that religion is not the cause of patriarchy, but that patriarchal societies have influenced and re shaped religion. Religion is then used to justify the oppression of women

76
Q

Interpretivists and science

A

Develop Kuhns ideas further, arguing that science is a social construct. Things that scientists take to be true and real are simply the product of shared theories and paradigms - they are told what to expect to find

77
Q

Marxists and science

A

Challenge belief in science in the same way that they challenge religion, they argue that it shores up the ruling classes by providing technology that becomes goods for the workers to consume, or that provide weapons for colonial expansion

78
Q

Modernist view

A

Supports capitalism
Include the idea that the nation state is the key political unit, that in each country we should share the same culture and language, and that each country will organise its own administrative way of organising things and educational legal and welfare institutions

79
Q

Postmodernist view

A

Point out that this world view is outdated

Threats to life are more likely to be man made rather than natural disasters - consider global warming

80
Q

Mannheim

A

Distinguishes between two broad types of world views:
Ideological thought - justifies keeping things as they are. It reflects the position and interests of privileged groups. Followers want to maintain the status quo
Utopian thought - wants social change to help the underprivileged

81
Q

World rejecting NRMs

A

Wallis points to social changes from the 1960s impacting on young people, including increasing time spent in education which gave them freedom from adult responsibilities. Also the growth of political counter movements offered alternative ideas about the future. As these counter cultures failed to change the world, world rejecting NRMs offered young people a more idealistic way of life

82
Q

World affirming NRMs

A

Bruce argues that their growth is in response to modern society, particularly changes in the way we regard our work. Work no longer provides meaning or identity as it did in the past and very often feels meaningless, yet at the same time we are pressured to be a success

83
Q

Wilson

A

Periods of rapid change undermine established norms and values, producing anomie and insecurity
Most disrupted may turn to sects as a solution

84
Q

Stark and Bainbridge

A

World rejecting sects offer to the relatively deprived the compensators that they need for the rewards denied them in this world

85
Q

Marx

A

Believed that the capitalist class - the bourgeoisie

Exploited the working class - the proletariat

86
Q

Engels

A

Religion can also challenge the status quo and encourage social change
Abolition of slavery

87
Q

Ideological weapon

A

Religion is used by the capitalist class to justify the status quo

88
Q

Alienation

A

Under capitalism workers have become alienated because they do not own what they produce and have no control over the production process

89
Q

The opium of the people

A

A distorted view of reality

90
Q

Exploitation

A

Idea that working class would eventually overthrow capitalism bringing about a classless society

91
Q

Wallis

A

Social changes meant increasing time spent in education which gave them freedom from adult responsibilities

92
Q

What is science

A

Tends to concern itself with the natural or physical world that can be observed and measured

93
Q

What is religion

A

Tends to concern itself with the spiritual world in which many aspects cannot be observed or measured

94
Q

Science as an open belief system

A

Popper

The data collected by scientists are open to testing by others therefore it can be criticised

95
Q

Religion as a closed belief system

A

Religious knowledge is generally regarded as sacred and should be accepted as it is rather than challenged

96
Q

Neo Marxists point of view on religion

A

While Christianity may have originated as an oppressive force it is possible for it to ‘evolve’ into a source of resistance which has the potential to bring about radical social change

97
Q

Otto Manduro

A

Neo Marxist
Argued that religious institutions have a degree of freedom from the economic base and they do not always work for the benefits of powerful elites, they act independently

98
Q

Criticism of the ‘concept’ of the denomination

A

May be too broad to be useful

There is a disagreement over whether certain religious organisations should be classified as sects or denominations

99
Q

What is a denomination

A

Share some but not all of the features of churches
E.g. Methodists and the Jehovahs witnesses
They do not claim a monopoly on truth
Does not identify with the state

100
Q

Bruce and denominations

A

Suggests that denominations have become more important in society with the rise of religious pluralism

101
Q

Criticisms of sects

A

There are very few religious organisation which tick all the boxes meaning the category might be too exclusive to be useful

102
Q

Paul Heelas the New Age Movement

A

Grown in popularity and suggests four reasons
Modernity has given people a multiplicity of roles
Consumer culture has created a ‘culture of discontent’ the New Age Movement offers and alternative way of seeking perfection but still offering choice
Rapid social changes associated with modernity lead people to seeking security
The decline of traditional religion has meant people have little alternative

103
Q

Universe of meaning

A

Berger and Luckmanns 1967 term to describe how reality is constructed socially through interactions

104
Q

Sacred canopy

A

A concept used by Berger and Luckmanns 1967 that understands ontological questions being answered through the space and answer of religion and spirituality. This helps to continue the ‘universe of meaning’

105
Q

Ontology

A

The study and understanding of the nature of existence and reality. It addresses questions such as ‘how are we here’ and offers explanations as to why

106
Q

Holistic Milieu

A

Heelas and Woodheads 2005 term for the diverse bracket of spiritualities and practices present. Encompassing New Age practices, they question to what extent these are new and highlight that this is a growing trend

107
Q

New Age

A

A term to describe a variety of spiritual beliefs and practices, for example tarot reading, yoga or paganism. Bruce 1995 sees this category as characterised by: environmental elements and concern, a rejection or scepticism of science and an individual rather than organisational level of practice and involvement

108
Q

Murdock 1949

A

The nuclear family is universal and family is the foundation stone of society
Reproduction - sexual - economic - educational/socialisation

109
Q

Feminist critique of Murdock

A

He implies that women’s main role is the nurturing of children
Nowadays most families are dual careers
Women may now be playing less of a role in the socialisation of children because now they may be looked after by childminders, nurseries and grandparents

110
Q

Parsons 1951

A

The isolated nuclear family has evolved historically as a result of changes to the social structure and economy

111
Q

Functional fit theory

A

Parsons

The family performs essential functions but these are dependent on the type of society in which the family finds itself

112
Q

Laslett 1965 study

A

Of British parish records suggests the most common family type in pre industrial Britain was actually the nuclear family rather than the extended family that parsons claims. This was because people married at a late age but died young

113
Q

Zaretsky 1976

A

Marxist
Family benefitted capitalism
Socialisation of children - socialised into ruling class ideological beliefs
Stabilisation of adult personality - the family produces docile workers which keeps them from rebelling
Nuclear family as a unit of consumption

114
Q

Evans and Chandler 2006

A

Collected qualitative data from 45 children aged 7-11
They used a range of methods for the children by discussing how they might negotiate with adults to buy them certain toys
Parents were interviewed and they found that children often successfully pestered their parents to buy them expensive consumer goods
They also found that this was used as an expression of love by parents

115
Q

Benston 1989

A 
Marxist feminist 
The nuclear family benefits men and the capitalist class rather than industrial society and all of its members
116
Q

Ansley 1972

A

Marxist feminist
Challenge to masculinity - capitalism has stripped male workers of dignity, power and control at work
Domestic violence - this male frustration and alienation is often absorbed by the family and particularly by the wife in the form of domestic violence

117
Q

Somerville 2000

A

Liberal feminists
Believe that the family is no longer the patriarchal institution it was back in the 19th century
Governments have since introduced social polices that have benefitted women
Argues that women’s freedom to work and greater choice has enabled greater equality in marriage, though perhaps not in all areas such as household

118
Q

Trends in marriage

A

1972 - 480,000 couples got married in the UK
2009 - 231,490 couples got married in the UK
The average age of newly married couples in the UK is 32 for men and 30 for women
2015 - 15,000 same sex couples were married in the UK

119
Q

Trends in cohabitation

A

2015 - 3million heterosexual couples were cohabiting in the UK this has grown from 2.3million in 2004
2015 - 90,000 same sex couples were cohabiting in the UK
Around 1/5 of couples who cohabit are ‘serial cohabiters’ as they have cohabited with someone else before

120
Q

Trends in divorce

A

Before 1969 divorce was both expensive and complex
1993 - 165,000 couples got divorced
Divorce has steadily declined since

121
Q

Rodgers and Pryor 1998

A

State that divorce has a negative impact on children. When children are raised without a father figure they are more likely to: underachieve in education, engage in under age sexual activity, be involved in crime and have addiction issues with drugs and alcohol

122
Q

Allan eg al 2011

A

Suggests that reconstituted family is a fairly problematic and complicated structure. ‘Step’ siblings may conflict with each other
Discusses the complexities that occur with regards to authority and discipline within these family units as children often struggle to accept the authority of their step parent

123
Q

Single parents family statistics

A

2009 - 1.9million single parent families in the UK

124
Q

Mooney et al 2009

A

Critical of the New Right analysis of single parent families
As their study suggests parental conflict has more of a detrimental effect on child development than parental separation
Being raised by a single parent may therefore provide more stability than being raised by two unhappy parents who are in constant conflict with one another

125
Q

Pahl and Spencer 2001

A

The concept of ‘family’ is no longer useful to describe personal relationships in the 21st century
They argue that people no longer feel they have to maintain relationships with other kin out of duty or obligation
Instead people are now more likely to subscribe to ‘personal communities’ which are made up of a combination of relatives and friends

126
Q

The Rapoports 1982

A

Claim that due to changes caused by globalisation and the postmodern world, family diversity is the norm. They believe there are many different types of family diversity

127
Q

Gray 2006

A

Argues that there has been a clear shift in attitudes with regards to the role of men when it comes to child rearing
Found that dads emphasised a desire to play a more active role in their child’s development and spend more time at home

128
Q

Gershuny 1994

A

Found that in families in which the wife works full time, husbands carry out more domestic labour

129
Q

Punch’s 2001

A

Study of child labour in Bolivia found that children were expected to work from as young as five years old, in many cases in exploitative conditions

130
Q

Postman 1994

A

Media exposes children to all the secrets of adulthood this is encouraging children to grow up too quickly
He claims that the distinction between adulthood and childhood is disappearing as children have access to the same leisure activities
He refers to this as ‘social blurring’

131
Q

McRobbie and Garbers 1976 bedroom culture study

A

Parents would prefer their daughter to day dream about pop stars on their posters rather than being outside with the real dangers whereas boys were actively encouraged to go out with their friends rather than being stuck inside

132
Q

Birth rate trends

A

Population has grown from 38million in 1901 to 64million in 2014
1900 - 28.7 births per 1000
2014 - 12.2 births per 1000

133
Q

Infant mortality rate statistics

A

1901 - 154 per 1000 babies born

2012 - 4.62 per 1000 babies born

134
Q

List four reasons as to why birth rates has declined

A

Decline in the infant mortality rate - chose whether to have one child and it surviving
Family diversity - socially acceptable
Cost of raising children
Changing expectations of women

135
Q

Westwood and Bhachu 1988

A

Observe that the decline in the birth rate does not apply to Asian families

136
Q

Life expectancy statistics

A

1901 - 48 years men, 52 years women

2014 - 79.5 years men, 82.5 years women

137
Q

Death rate statistics

A

1901 - 19 per 1000

2014 - 9.0 per 1000

138
Q

List four reasons why there has been a rise in life expectancy and a decline in death rate

A

Improvement in living standards
Improved education
Introduction of the welfare state
Improvement of health care

139
Q

List four reasons for implications of the ageing population

A

Burden on public services and the dependency ratio
Increase in one person households
Increase in beanpole and extended families
‘Positive ageing’

140
Q

Trends in migration

A

1991 - 6% ethnic minority groups of the UKs population

2011 - 14% ethnic minority groups of the UKs population

141
Q

Michalowski and Kramers 1987

A

Study of pharmaceutical companies who produce vital medicines that are needed for society, but sell their product at prices that only the wealthy societies can afford

142
Q

Bellah 1967

A

Argues that the USA has its own civil religion known as ‘Americanism’ that combines religious and national values

143
Q

Leach 1988

A

Claims that there is a strong connection between the powerful and the national religion that is imposed upon the public
E.g. the Queen of England is also the head of the Church of England. Also, only 13% of bishops in the Church of England attended state comprehensive schools, which illustrates how it is dominated by the privately educated, wealthy elite

144
Q

Brierley 2015

A

Conducted research into church attendance for different age groups
Half of all English churches have no one under the age of 20 in their congregation
Since the 1980s the number if under 15s attending church regularly has halved
He found that 87% of 10-14 yes old claimed that church was boring and old fashioned

145
Q

Walter and Davie 1998

A

Claim women feel closer to God because they are involved in the creation of life. They are also more likely to be involved with death as carers of the sick, disabled and the elderly

146
Q

Religious affiliation statistics

A

2001 - 72% of England and Wales stated they were Christian
2011 - 59% of England and Wales stated they were Christian
2015 - half of all adults asked about religion stated that they did not belong to any religion

147
Q

Marrying later statistic

A

76% of women under 25 in 1960s

2012 - 14%

Sociology Paper 2 (1 decks)

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