Families And Religion Flashcards

Question

Donzelot

Answer 1

Surveillance is not targeted equally on all families - poorer families are more likely to be seen as a problem Policing of families

Answer 2

Families now have many different structures rather than the nuclear family

Answer 3

Child abuse Neglect Emotional Many families, parents put their own needs first

Answer 4

Rapid technological and cultural changes damaged children’s physical, emotional and intellectual development

Answer 5

Large businesses deliberately target children more money spent on children than in the past

Answer 6

Junk food deliberately targeted at children

Answer 7

Children below 10yrs old cause 3000 crimes each year | Parents often don’t know where their children are or what they are doing

Answer 8

Older siblings often required to take on a more adult role in looking after their siblings

Answer 9

Lengthened the period of child dependency

Answer 10

Children could not survive harsh conditions in the factories Seeing them as innocent and vulnerable

Answer 11

Channelled their money back into their businesses thrived as a result beginning of modern capitalism

Answer 12

Relationships in chaotic post modern times are increasingly unstable Couples split and feel less secure Held together by confluent not romantic love

Answer 13

Child centredness began during the industrial revolution

Answer 14

Every child has a right to equal protection from harm | Report any concerns

Answer 15

Mothers were paid benefits for each child without interference from the fathers

Answer 16

Irreconcilable differences | Neither partner has to prove the other was at fault

Answer 17

50 weeks off work | Companies are less likely to discriminate against women

Answer 18

Toxic childhood

Answer 19

More cars on road Alternative entertainment at home Ferry children

Answer 20

Smaller families means more investment in the child’s life

Answer 21

Children cannot walk out - more protective and childhood even more precious

Answer 22

Afraid that it encouraged mothers to be independent lone parent women were bringing up boys without a male role model Benefits led to a dependency culture

Answer 23

Encourages girls to have children they could not otherwise afford

Answer 24

Sees rising divorce rate as a product of individualisation

Answer 25

Confluent and pure love relationships | Stay in relationships only as long as it suits them

Answer 26

Can be done through ideas as much as it can be done by force

Answer 27

Families are becoming more symmetrical sharing instrumental and expressive roles

Answer 28

Men claim to do a lot of work however women spend more time on it

Answer 29

Women’s jobs are less satisfying

Answer 30

Triple shift | Paid employment, household chores and emotional work

Answer 31

Inequality for pay | Separate bank accounts but the women still pay for the children out their bank account

Answer 32

Women bore the biggest burden of housework

Answer 33

Similar leisure time | Women interrupted by a child forced to multi task

Answer 34

British Social Attitudes Survey | Men spent 10 hours on care for family members but women spent 23 hours

Answer 35

Women would pay for children’s clothes, food and furnishings

Answer 36

Advances in technology have led to an increasing belief in science as a source of hope Help living standards Global warming

Answer 37

Points out that science is an open belief system where scientists expect their theories to be scrutinised

Answer 38

Popper | They begin with a theory and then set out to disprove it

Answer 39

When fundamentalist beliefs, are threatened believers use ‘get out clauses’ to explain away anomalies

Answer 40

Horton Believers are trapped within their own idiom of belief because they accept the systems basic assumptions and dare not challenge them

Answer 41

All belief systems reject fundamental challenges to their knowledge claims

Answer 42

Put forward a new theory on the origins of the Earth which directly challenged long help assumptions

Answer 43

Science is based on a shared set of beliefs and assumptions

Answer 44

Tells scientists what reality is like, what will count as evidence and even what answers they should find when they conduct research

Answer 45

Sacred items evoke such powerful feelings because they represent something greater - society Unite us as a single moral community Studied the Arunta Clans who come together periodically to perform rituals involving worship of sacred totems which symbolise their identity and power

Answer 46

Durkheim Shared norms, values, beliefs and knowledge Religion performs an important function for the individual. We feel part of something greater than ourselves which gives us strength and motivation

Answer 47

Argues that Durkheim’s ideas no longer apply to contemporary society because increasing diversity has fragmented the collective conscience so there is no longer a shared set of values and beliefs for religion to enforce

Answer 48

Agrees with Durkheim that religion promotes solidarity, but he thinks this is because it helps individuals cope with stress that would otherwise undermine social solidarity Studied the Trobriand islanders - there is no religious ritual for lagoon fishing, but ocean trips rely on ‘canoe magic’ which involves a series of rituals designed to keep the canoe safe There are gaps in our total control of the world around us and sees rituals as a ‘god of the gaps’ making us feel in control

Answer 49

Marxism Legitimises social inequality. The law of karma dictates that is you behave well in this life then you will be reincarnated into a higher caste

Answer 50

Feminist Argues that women have not always been subordinate to men within religion used to worship Earth mother goddesses and had female priests From about 4000 years ago the rise of monotheistic religions created a more patriarchal approach with a male God and prophets such as Abraham and Moses Studies how women are often blocked from positions at the top of the mainstream churches

Answer 51

Feminist Argues that religion is not the cause of patriarchy, but that patriarchal societies have influenced and re shaped religion. Religion is then used to justify the oppression of women

Answer 52

Develop Kuhns ideas further, arguing that science is a social construct. Things that scientists take to be true and real are simply the product of shared theories and paradigms - they are told what to expect to find

Answer 53

Challenge belief in science in the same way that they challenge religion, they argue that it shores up the ruling classes by providing technology that becomes goods for the workers to consume, or that provide weapons for colonial expansion

Answer 54

Supports capitalism Include the idea that the nation state is the key political unit, that in each country we should share the same culture and language, and that each country will organise its own administrative way of organising things and educational legal and welfare institutions

Answer 55

Point out that this world view is outdated | Threats to life are more likely to be man made rather than natural disasters - consider global warming

Answer 56

Distinguishes between two broad types of world views: Ideological thought - justifies keeping things as they are. It reflects the position and interests of privileged groups. Followers want to maintain the status quo Utopian thought - wants social change to help the underprivileged

Answer 57

Wallis points to social changes from the 1960s impacting on young people, including increasing time spent in education which gave them freedom from adult responsibilities. Also the growth of political counter movements offered alternative ideas about the future. As these counter cultures failed to change the world, world rejecting NRMs offered young people a more idealistic way of life

Answer 58

Bruce argues that their growth is in response to modern society, particularly changes in the way we regard our work. Work no longer provides meaning or identity as it did in the past and very often feels meaningless, yet at the same time we are pressured to be a success

Answer 59

Periods of rapid change undermine established norms and values, producing anomie and insecurity Most disrupted may turn to sects as a solution

Answer 60

World rejecting sects offer to the relatively deprived the compensators that they need for the rewards denied them in this world

Answer 61

Believed that the capitalist class - the bourgeoisie | Exploited the working class - the proletariat

Answer 62

Religion can also challenge the status quo and encourage social change Abolition of slavery

Answer 63

Religion is used by the capitalist class to justify the status quo

Answer 64

Under capitalism workers have become alienated because they do not own what they produce and have no control over the production process

Answer 65

A distorted view of reality

Answer 66

Idea that working class would eventually overthrow capitalism bringing about a classless society

Answer 67

Social changes meant increasing time spent in education which gave them freedom from adult responsibilities

Answer 68

Tends to concern itself with the natural or physical world that can be observed and measured

Answer 69

Tends to concern itself with the spiritual world in which many aspects cannot be observed or measured

Answer 70

Popper | The data collected by scientists are open to testing by others therefore it can be criticised

Answer 71

Religious knowledge is generally regarded as sacred and should be accepted as it is rather than challenged

Answer 72

While Christianity may have originated as an oppressive force it is possible for it to ‘evolve’ into a source of resistance which has the potential to bring about radical social change

Answer 73

Neo Marxist Argued that religious institutions have a degree of freedom from the economic base and they do not always work for the benefits of powerful elites, they act independently

Answer 74

May be too broad to be useful | There is a disagreement over whether certain religious organisations should be classified as sects or denominations

Answer 75

Share some but not all of the features of churches E.g. Methodists and the Jehovahs witnesses They do not claim a monopoly on truth Does not identify with the state

Answer 76

Suggests that denominations have become more important in society with the rise of religious pluralism

Answer 77

There are very few religious organisation which tick all the boxes meaning the category might be too exclusive to be useful

Answer 78

Grown in popularity and suggests four reasons Modernity has given people a multiplicity of roles Consumer culture has created a ‘culture of discontent’ the New Age Movement offers and alternative way of seeking perfection but still offering choice Rapid social changes associated with modernity lead people to seeking security The decline of traditional religion has meant people have little alternative

Answer 79

Berger and Luckmanns 1967 term to describe how reality is constructed socially through interactions

Answer 80

A concept used by Berger and Luckmanns 1967 that understands ontological questions being answered through the space and answer of religion and spirituality. This helps to continue the ‘universe of meaning’

Answer 81

The study and understanding of the nature of existence and reality. It addresses questions such as ‘how are we here’ and offers explanations as to why

Answer 82

Heelas and Woodheads 2005 term for the diverse bracket of spiritualities and practices present. Encompassing New Age practices, they question to what extent these are new and highlight that this is a growing trend

Answer 83

A term to describe a variety of spiritual beliefs and practices, for example tarot reading, yoga or paganism. Bruce 1995 sees this category as characterised by: environmental elements and concern, a rejection or scepticism of science and an individual rather than organisational level of practice and involvement

Answer 84

The nuclear family is universal and family is the foundation stone of society Reproduction - sexual - economic - educational/socialisation

Answer 85

He implies that women’s main role is the nurturing of children Nowadays most families are dual careers Women may now be playing less of a role in the socialisation of children because now they may be looked after by childminders, nurseries and grandparents

Answer 86

The isolated nuclear family has evolved historically as a result of changes to the social structure and economy

Answer 87

Parsons | The family performs essential functions but these are dependent on the type of society in which the family finds itself

Answer 88

Of British parish records suggests the most common family type in pre industrial Britain was actually the nuclear family rather than the extended family that parsons claims. This was because people married at a late age but died young

Answer 89

Marxist Family benefitted capitalism Socialisation of children - socialised into ruling class ideological beliefs Stabilisation of adult personality - the family produces docile workers which keeps them from rebelling Nuclear family as a unit of consumption

Answer 90

Collected qualitative data from 45 children aged 7-11 They used a range of methods for the children by discussing how they might negotiate with adults to buy them certain toys Parents were interviewed and they found that children often successfully pestered their parents to buy them expensive consumer goods They also found that this was used as an expression of love by parents

Answer 91

``` Marxist feminist The nuclear family benefits men and the capitalist class rather than industrial society and all of its members ```

Answer 92

Marxist feminist Challenge to masculinity - capitalism has stripped male workers of dignity, power and control at work Domestic violence - this male frustration and alienation is often absorbed by the family and particularly by the wife in the form of domestic violence

Answer 93

Liberal feminists Believe that the family is no longer the patriarchal institution it was back in the 19th century Governments have since introduced social polices that have benefitted women Argues that women’s freedom to work and greater choice has enabled greater equality in marriage, though perhaps not in all areas such as household

Answer 94

1972 - 480,000 couples got married in the UK 2009 - 231,490 couples got married in the UK The average age of newly married couples in the UK is 32 for men and 30 for women 2015 - 15,000 same sex couples were married in the UK

Answer 95

2015 - 3million heterosexual couples were cohabiting in the UK this has grown from 2.3million in 2004 2015 - 90,000 same sex couples were cohabiting in the UK Around 1/5 of couples who cohabit are ‘serial cohabiters’ as they have cohabited with someone else before

Answer 96

Before 1969 divorce was both expensive and complex 1993 - 165,000 couples got divorced Divorce has steadily declined since

Answer 97

State that divorce has a negative impact on children. When children are raised without a father figure they are more likely to: underachieve in education, engage in under age sexual activity, be involved in crime and have addiction issues with drugs and alcohol

Answer 98

Suggests that reconstituted family is a fairly problematic and complicated structure. ‘Step’ siblings may conflict with each other Discusses the complexities that occur with regards to authority and discipline within these family units as children often struggle to accept the authority of their step parent

Answer 99

2009 - 1.9million single parent families in the UK

Answer 100

Critical of the New Right analysis of single parent families As their study suggests parental conflict has more of a detrimental effect on child development than parental separation Being raised by a single parent may therefore provide more stability than being raised by two unhappy parents who are in constant conflict with one another

Answer 101

The concept of ‘family’ is no longer useful to describe personal relationships in the 21st century They argue that people no longer feel they have to maintain relationships with other kin out of duty or obligation Instead people are now more likely to subscribe to ‘personal communities’ which are made up of a combination of relatives and friends

Answer 102

Claim that due to changes caused by globalisation and the postmodern world, family diversity is the norm. They believe there are many different types of family diversity

Answer 103

Argues that there has been a clear shift in attitudes with regards to the role of men when it comes to child rearing Found that dads emphasised a desire to play a more active role in their child’s development and spend more time at home

Answer 104

Found that in families in which the wife works full time, husbands carry out more domestic labour

Answer 105

Study of child labour in Bolivia found that children were expected to work from as young as five years old, in many cases in exploitative conditions

Answer 106

Media exposes children to all the secrets of adulthood this is encouraging children to grow up too quickly He claims that the distinction between adulthood and childhood is disappearing as children have access to the same leisure activities He refers to this as ‘social blurring’

Answer 107

Parents would prefer their daughter to day dream about pop stars on their posters rather than being outside with the real dangers whereas boys were actively encouraged to go out with their friends rather than being stuck inside

Answer 108

Population has grown from 38million in 1901 to 64million in 2014 1900 - 28.7 births per 1000 2014 - 12.2 births per 1000

Answer 109

1901 - 154 per 1000 babies born | 2012 - 4.62 per 1000 babies born

Answer 110

Decline in the infant mortality rate - chose whether to have one child and it surviving Family diversity - socially acceptable Cost of raising children Changing expectations of women

Answer 111

Observe that the decline in the birth rate does not apply to Asian families

Answer 112

1901 - 48 years men, 52 years women | 2014 - 79.5 years men, 82.5 years women

Answer 113

1901 - 19 per 1000 | 2014 - 9.0 per 1000

Answer 114

Improvement in living standards Improved education Introduction of the welfare state Improvement of health care

Answer 115

Burden on public services and the dependency ratio Increase in one person households Increase in beanpole and extended families ‘Positive ageing’

Answer 116

1991 - 6% ethnic minority groups of the UKs population | 2011 - 14% ethnic minority groups of the UKs population

Answer 117

Study of pharmaceutical companies who produce vital medicines that are needed for society, but sell their product at prices that only the wealthy societies can afford

Answer 118

Argues that the USA has its own civil religion known as ‘Americanism’ that combines religious and national values

Answer 119

Claims that there is a strong connection between the powerful and the national religion that is imposed upon the public E.g. the Queen of England is also the head of the Church of England. Also, only 13% of bishops in the Church of England attended state comprehensive schools, which illustrates how it is dominated by the privately educated, wealthy elite

Answer 120

Conducted research into church attendance for different age groups Half of all English churches have no one under the age of 20 in their congregation Since the 1980s the number if under 15s attending church regularly has halved He found that 87% of 10-14 yes old claimed that church was boring and old fashioned

Answer 121

Claim women feel closer to God because they are involved in the creation of life. They are also more likely to be involved with death as carers of the sick, disabled and the elderly

Answer 122

2001 - 72% of England and Wales stated they were Christian 2011 - 59% of England and Wales stated they were Christian 2015 - half of all adults asked about religion stated that they did not belong to any religion

Answer 123

76% of women under 25 in 1960s | 2012 - 14%