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A Level Sociology > Families And Households (2) > Flashcards

Families And Households (2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define family

A

Individuals related by blood, marriage, civil partnership or adoption. Co-habiting couples not linked by partnership are also regarded as family

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2
Q

Define household

A

Individuals living together, regardless of relationship status

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3
Q

Define nuclear family

A

husband, wife, kids

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4
Q

Describe the family unit in The Nayar-India (pre 19th century)

A
  • no nuclear family
  • women could have sexual relations with anyone
  • children wouldn’t know their fathers
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5
Q

Describe communes

A
  • developed in western europe
  • emphasis on living together than individual family units
  • very few remain in britain
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6
Q

Describe family units in The Kibbutz-Isreal

A
  • children separated from birth parents
  • limited role of parents
  • kids grow up in children’s home
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7
Q

How do functionalists see the family?

A

Beneficial institution that contributes to social stability and creating a harmonious society

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8
Q

How do Marxists see the family?

A

An agency of social control

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9
Q

What are the four functions of the family?

A

1) Sexual- expressing sexuality in socially approved
2) Reproduction- rearing children in safe environment
3) Socialisation- primary socialisation
4) Economic- providing food and shelter for family members

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10
Q

What are Talcott Parsons 2 basic functions of the family?

A
  • The socialisation of children

- The stabilisation of adult personalities

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11
Q

Define the division of labour

A

The jobs that are split between men and women

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12
Q

What role do men usually take on?

A

The instrumental role (breadwinner for the family)

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13
Q

What role do women usually take on?

A

The expressive role (offering emotional support)

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14
Q

Define social mobility

A

a person’s movement over time from one class to another

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15
Q

How does social mobility weaken the family?

A
  • family members work different jobs and earn different wages and can be in different social classes
  • weakens reliability on extended family as they have less in common
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16
Q

How does a growth in wealth and income weaken the family?

A
  • Welfare state has taken over many functions usually performed by family such as education and health care
  • weakening reliance on extended family
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17
Q

What are the criticisms of the functionalist perspective?

A
  • ignoring exploitation of women
  • down playing conflict
  • being out of date
  • ignoring harmful effects of the family
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18
Q

How does growth in meritocracy weaken the family?

A
  • society is more what you know vs who you know

- family can’t be much help when getting jobs anymore as there is more emphasis on qualifications

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19
Q

How has traditional ‘reproduction of the population’ changed?

A

-some married couples choose not to have children as having offspring is no longer the sole purpose of a marriage

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20
Q

How has the traditional belief of the family being a ‘unit of production’ changed?

A

-Children are able to have careers outside of their extended family and so reliance on a parents trade has decreased

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21
Q

How has the traditional function of the family maintaining and caring for ‘dependant children’ changed?

A

-The introduction of after school clubs and special ed schools create more independent children

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22
Q

How has the function of the family providing the majority of health care changed?

A

The introduction of the NHS has take the pressure off the family

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23
Q

How has the function of the family being the only source of education for children changed?

A

Children now have to remain in education until they are 18 and is free

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24
Q

What are ‘The New Right’s’ views of the family?

A
  • traditional nuclear family is best for society

- various social policies undermine the importance of the family

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25
Q

Describe the views of the new right theorist Charles Murray (1998)

A
  • welfare policies have undermined the nuclear family
  • given perverse incentives for people to start single parent families or to end marriages
  • welfare state led to work shy underclass of people who live of benefits (dependency culture)
  • teenage girls see pregnancy as route to financial support and housing
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26
Q

What are the Marxist views on the family?

A
  • place for ideological conditioning
  • socialises people to accept capitalism as norm
  • provides next generation of workers
  • wealthy pass down property, maintaining class inequality
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27
Q

Define ‘Pressure valve’

A

Where individuals can let go of tensions built at work in the comfort of their home and loved ones

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28
Q

Define ‘reserve of army labour’

A

women and young people being cheap workers for the market

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29
Q

What are the criticisms of Marxism?

A
  • assumes individuals accept socialisation and future is pre determined
  • ignores family diversity
  • benefits of nuclear family ignored
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30
Q

Define ‘means of production’

A

the facilities and organisation of producing materials in which labour is needed

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31
Q

Define ‘false class consciousness’

A

when working class do not recognise their oppression

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32
Q

Define ‘Neo-Marxism’

A

an updated version of Marxism

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33
Q

Define ‘warm bath theory’

A

After a hard day at work, an individual can relax into their family

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34
Q

What are Radical Feminist’s view of the family?

A
  • patriarchy oppresses all women
  • family is main place of oppression
  • patriarchal ideological tool
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35
Q

What do Delphy and Leonard outline?

A

the family is based on hierarchal and exploitive relations

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36
Q

What are Liberal Feminist views of the family?

A
  • rejects notion of biological difference between men and women
  • seek to make men and women more alike
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37
Q

Define ‘sex’

A

whether you are born male or female

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38
Q

Define ‘gender’

A

what you identify as

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39
Q

When did women get the right to vote?

A

1920

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40
Q

What are the key points of Marxist feminism?

A

Capitalism and patriarchy interplay to exploit and oppress women
Until capitalism is overthrown, patriarchy will still exist

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41
Q

Who is a key Marxist feminist?

A

Margaret Benson

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42
Q

What are the key points of black feminism?

A

Criticises other forms of feminism for being eurocentric
aims to account for cultural, national and racial differences
Sees colonialism and capitalism as oppressive forces

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43
Q

Who is a key black feminist?

A

Hazel Carby

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44
Q

Briefly describe first wave feminism

A 
Occurred during 19th and 20th century 
Focused on legal gain for women
Suffragettes were popular icon
Challenged domestic roles of women
Many working class women's struggles ignored
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45
Q

Briefly describe second-wave feminism

A

1960s-1970s
Reshaped how private matters of home were talked about in public
Increase of women in the work place and reproductive rights
Popular after Second World War as women didn’t want to go back to domestic roles

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46
Q

Briefly describe third wave feminism

A

1990s
Focuses on empowerment and cultural and identity factors
Younger generation
focusing on everyday sexism

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47
Q

When was abortion made legal in the uk?

A

1967

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48
Q

When was the Equal Pay act?

A

1970

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49
Q

When was contraception made free in the uk?

A

1974

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50
Q

When were women able to take out mortgages and loans in their own name?

A

1980

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51
Q

When were women able to take out mortgages and loans in their own name?

A

1980

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52
Q

When was marital rape made illegal?

A

1991

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53
Q

When were same-sex couples given legal status?

A

2005

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54
Q

Describe Modernity

A

era focusing on scientific thought, individualism, and industrialisation

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55
Q

Describe postmodernism

A

era beyond modernity, experienced globalisation, ‘pick and mix’ culture, where an individual can choose religion and beliefs

56
Q

Define ‘grand narratives’

A

An over-arching framework or theory that explains social life

57
Q

Describe a post-modern family

A

units of consumption

breakdown of traditional family forms

58
Q

Describe Shorter’s (1975) view on post modernism

A

divorce is on the rise
teenagers are indifferent to the family identity
instability of couples relationships

59
Q

Describe dual socialisation

A

Both family and education provide socialisation, Shorters research found some children adapt better to this

60
Q

What unit does Shorter say is unnecessary in a post-modern world

A

Nuclear family unit

61
Q

Describe Judith Stacey (1996) beliefs

A

economics are often linked to family diversity

gay and lesbian couples are important in their own right and should be normalised

62
Q

Describe Beck’s ‘negotiated family’

A

gender equality and individualism leading to a family based on choice

63
Q

What are the key words associated with a modern family?

A 
Patriarchal
Nuclear 
Stable 
Heterosexual
Culturally dominat
64
Q

What are the key words associated with a post-modern family

A 
Blended 
No patriarchal
Democratic 
Unstable 
Diverse
65
Q

Define ‘social construct’

A

Concept that goes through social process of being identified, labelled, defined and given meaning. It is sometimes presented as an objective reality

66
Q

What are the trends involving marriage, divorce and cohabilitation

A

Marriage is declining
Divorce is rising
Cohabitation is rising

67
Q

What are the New Right perspectives on marriage, divorce and cohabitation trends

A

Alarmed by trends as they disapprove of movement away from nuclear family
Disapprove of co-habitating and single parenting
Campaign for legislations that support nuclear family

68
Q

What are the feminist perspectives on marriage, divorce and cohabitation trends

A

Confirmation that women have more freedom
Divorce is important for women
Decline in marriage is positive

69
Q

What are the social feminist views of the family?

A

Sociologists wear ‘rose-tinted’ glasses when talking about the family
Nuclear family encourages selfishness
Reject warm bath theory
Prefer term ‘household’ rather than carry gender and power implications

70
Q

Describe Anthony Giddens (1992) view on family

A

Puts forward idea of ‘pure relationship’ and ‘confluent love’ to understand changes in personal relationships
Relationships are projects

71
Q

Define ‘pure relationship’

A

Romantic relationship that provides emotional satisfaction, only functions if both are satisfied

72
Q

Define liquid modernity

A

Period of late modernity with life constantly shifting (eg. changing jobs, house, location frequently)

73
Q

Who devised ‘liquid modernity’

A

Bauman (2003)

74
Q

Define individualisation

A

No set course on how-to-be, individual must decide their own life and actions

75
Q

What is Beck and Beck-Gernsheim’s view on love?

A

Great importance to risk society, occupies central role to life that provides a way of coping w/ rapid changes in wider-globalised risk society

76
Q

Define cereal packet family

A

Typical, gendered nuclear family, dependent on father. Appearance of happy family on a cereal packet

77
Q

Define family diversity

A

A family that isn’t stereotypical with differences in culture, ethnicities and religions

78
Q

Define extended family

A

Multi-generational family all living in one household (3 gens)

79
Q

Define beanpole family

A

Multi generational family with few aunts and uncles, long and thin

80
Q

Define reconstituted family

A

Blended family as a result of previous marriages

81
Q

What did Gottman (1990) discover?

A

Daughters of lesbian mothers were no more likely to be homosexual than daughters of heterosexual couples

82
Q

What did Patterson (1995) discover?

A

Sexual orientation of parents made no difference to children’s gender or sexual development

83
Q

What did Dunne (1997) discover?

A

Children of homosexual couples were more tolerant and displayed more equal approaches to relationships in their own lives

84
Q

What does Hicks (2003) want to see?

A

Shift from investigating how gay parenting is “bad for kids” to how dominance of traditional discourse is bad for families

85
Q

Describe the report Stonewall (gay rights org) carried out

A

Interviewed 82 people who have gay parents
Overall found child’s personal perception of their parents was positive, however not always case in context of schools. Some experienced bullying or distress around the topic at school

86
Q

Describe the Sexual Offences Act

A

1967

Male homosexual acts were decriminalised (in private between 2 men over 21)

87
Q

Describe Sexual Offences Act (amendment)

A

2000

Changed age of consent for homosexual men to 16

88
Q

Describe Adoption and Children’s Act

A

2002

Allowed same sex couples and unmarried couples to adopt children

89
Q

Describe the Gender Recognition Act

A

2004

Allows people to change their legal gender

90
Q

Describe Civil Partnerships Act

A

2004

Allows same-sex couples to have civil partnership

91
Q

Explain Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act

A

2008

Recognises same-sex couples as parents of children through IVF

92
Q

Marriage (Same-Sex Couples) Act

A

2013

Same-sex couples can be legally married

93
Q

What are the possible reasons behind lone-parent families?

A

Divorce
Stigma
Welfare
Legislative changes

94
Q

What are the three reasons for the trend of matrifocal families, particularly in African-Caribbean families?

A

Historical (slave trade saw families being split up, creating tradition of women heading family)
Unemployment (high compared to other ethnicities)
Positive structural response (extended families utilised effectively)

95
Q

Explain Anwar and Stanistreet’s (2014) research into teen pregnancy/maternity

A

Motherhood is experienced largely in a positive way and any negative consequences, such as economic hardship, already existed in these women’s lives and relate to their social position in society

96
Q

What are some reasons for growth in lone-living?

A

Less stigma
Gender shift
Marriage rates declining
Divorce rates increasing

97
Q

Define sex

A

Biological functioning and definition of your body

98
Q

Define gender

A

The social or cultural factors that make you male or female

99
Q

Explain the functionalist theory on gender roles

A

Gender roles are natural and men and women are suited to different things (eg.men are stronger and so are suited to manual work, women bear children and so is logical that they are the carers)

100
Q

What two roles did Parson identify?

A 
Instrumental role (mans job to be breadwinner)
Expressive role (females job to provide emotional support and comfort)
101
Q

Explain New Right theory on gender roles

A

Uses functionalist thinking, defined make and female roles are important in child socialisation and giving everyone in society a role

102
Q

Define domestic labour

A

Unpaid work done within the home (household chores, rising children, etc)

103
Q

What are the differences between domestic labour and wage labour that Himmelweit identified?

A

Domestic labour is unpaid, wage labour is paid
In wage labour pay and conditions are negotiable and subject to legislation and regulation.
Domestic labour has no contract of terms

104
Q

What was Anne Oakley’s criticism of Willmott’s and Young’s work?

A

72% of men doing housework statistic could include a man ironing his own shirt on a Saturday, and so deeper investigation is needed
‘Just because couples do things jointly, doesn’t mean they do things equally’

105
Q

Define norms

A

Principles and guides for behaviour and attitude in a particular setting that are considered dominant, normal and acceptable

106
Q

Define Breadwinner

A

Role of earning money and being in paid employment

107
Q

Describe Boulton’s (1983) study of domestic labour

A 
Interviewed 50 mothers in London 
18% had extensive help from husbands
36% moderate help
46% minimal help
50% childcare frustrating
108
Q

Describe Gershuny and Laurie’s (2000) study on domestic labour

A

Men taking on more domestic responsibility
Wives in full-time employment do less housework than housewives
Women still do more and not inequality proportion to husbands contribution

109
Q

Describe Reynolds et al. (2003) study on domestic labour

A

Interviewed 37 mothers + 30 fathers
Women in paid employment doesn’t equate to equal share of housework
Women in work provide good role models

110
Q

Describe Featherstone’s research into domestic labour

A

For dads childcare is playing and engaging in fun activities
For mums childcare is the mundane, everyday tasks
Mums often supervise childcare

111
Q

Describe Warde’s and Hetherington’s (1993) study of domestic labour

A

Women 30 times more likely to do clothes washing
7 times more likely to cook
2 times as likely to wash up
Women do ongoing, boring tasks
Supports Allan’s research that men do more creative tasks

112
Q

Describe Man Yee Kan’s research into domestic labour

A

More a woman learned, less housework she did

If both partners have degree, housework is more equal

113
Q

Describe results of 2015 Time Use Survey

A

Women in paid work did 21 hours a week of domestic labour

Men in paid work did 12 hours a week

114
Q

Define conjugal roles

A

Role played by a male and female partner in marriage or in a cohabiting relationship

115
Q

How have improved living standards strengthened the relationship to the home?

A

Central heating, tv, dvd and the internet cause couples to become more home-centered

116
Q

How has the decline of the close-knit extended family improved the division of labour

A

More social mobility means less pressure on married couples to retain traditional roles and is easier to adopt new roles

117
Q

How has the increase of women in paid employment improved division of labour?

A

Increase of independence and authority within the family

Reduced time spent on housework

118
Q

Explain Rutherford’s (1988) two dominant male identities

A

The ‘retributive man’ (traditional type)

The ‘new man’ (more emotional takes role as father as a priority)

119
Q

Describe radical feminists view on gender ones

A

Women are oppressed and exploited within gender roles

120
Q

Explain Marxist feminist views on gender roles

A

Women are subordinate to capitalism and the patriarchy

121
Q

Describe Judith Butler’s view on gender

A

Gender is a performance through gesture, actions, behaviour and dress code

122
Q

Describe role of children in pre industrial times (pre 1790)

A

No different to adults and sent out to work
High mortality rates meant children had low status and value
No public education-very few could read and write

123
Q

Describe role of children in Industrial times (1760-1950)

A

Worked in factory and mines
Laws differentiated adults from children
Seen to need discipline and protection
Social class affected quality of childhood

124
Q

Describe the role of children in modern times

A

1960-present
Child-centred so are valued and protected
Compulsory education 5-17
Specialist services

125
Q

Describe the 1870 education act

A

Compulsory schooling for 5-13year olds

126
Q

Describe the 1944 ‘Butler Act’

A

Free secondary school

School leaving age of 15

127
Q

Describe 1988 Education Reform Act

A

National curriculum
SATs
Marketised education
OFSTED

128
Q

Describe the 1989 Children Act

A

Outlined governmental provisions of care and duties of parents to safeguard, protect and care for children

129
Q

Describe the UN Convention of the Rights of the Child Act (1989)

A

International policy that universalises rights and responsibilities for children (right to be equal, right to an identity, right to thought, protection from harm, access to education)

130
Q

Describe the 1991 Child Support Act

A

Outlines duty of parents to children even if parent is absent or parents not together

131
Q

Describe the 2003 Sexual Offences Act

A

Age of consent is 16 regardless of gender or sexual orientation

132
Q

What is the UN definition of a child?

A

Every human being below 18 unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier

133
Q

Explain Wagg’s (1992) theory of childhood

A

Childhood is a social construct because there is no universal definition, applicable to all people and concepts

134
Q

Explain compulsory education in terms of childhood quality

A

Improves life quality, increases equality of opportunity and outcome
Increase of school leaving age increases a child’s dependence.

135
Q

Explain the proliferation of the media in terms of childhood quality

A

Increased internet access means there is less censorship of information to children

136
Q

Explain the labour market in terms of childhood quality

A

Structural changes in labour industry have altered the type of workers needed for specific labouring jobs

137
Q

Explain legal recognition in terms of childhood quality

A

Increase in child protection laws act in best interest for children
Age restrictions mean state has defined activities and behaviours

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