Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sociology - Paper 2 > Families > Flashcards

Families Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a social construct

A

Something that differs between times, places and cultures constructed by the society it’s within

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Reasons for marriage rates decreasing

A

Cohabiting increasing
Secularisation
Rise of feminism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Reasons for divorce rates increasing

A

Less social stigma
Secularisation
Laws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Reasons for the number of children decreasing

A

Gender roles changing
Costs
More common to have them later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Laws which may have changed divorce rates

A

Divorce Reform Act (1969)

Equal Pay Act (1970)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was the divorce reform act

A

divorces could be carried out due to ‘irretrievable breakdown’ and no longer had to have proof of adultery etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the types of families

A 
Nuclear
Extended
Beanpole
Lone-parent
Reconstituted
Same-sex
Singleton
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What percent of UK families are nuclear

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What did Rapoport and Rapoport (1982) say

A

Nuclear family is not the norm
There is increasing diversity of family structure

(1989)
- this is a European trend
- types of diversity causing it:
organisation, social class, cultural, generational (pluralistic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who said that extended families are “all but extinct” in modern Britain

A

Charles (2008)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What did Branden (2003) say about extended families

A

Due to our ageing population, many families support elderly relatives or grandparents support them in childcare - rise of beanpole families

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What percentage of lone-parent families are headed by women

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What did Cashmore (1985) say about lone-parent families

A

One good parent is better than 2 bad ones

Single mothers choose to live on benefits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the negatives of single-parent families

A

Socialisation can be stunted without a role model for boys

Mclananhan + Booth - higher rate of underachieving children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is secularisation

A

Religion becoming less important, church lost power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is liberalisation

A

People are less ‘traditional’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many households contain only one person and how many of these are over 65

A

3 in 10

40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who said that increased social acceptance may explain trends toward same-sex that resemble those found among heterosexual couples

A

Weeks (1999)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Birth rate change from 1900 to 2016

A

1900 - 28.7

2016 - 11.8 (per thousand)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Death rate change from 1900 to 2016

A

1900 - 19

2016 - 9.1 (per thousand)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Life expectancy change from 1900 to 2016

A

1900:
Male - 50
Female - 57

2016:
Male - 90
Female - 94

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the nanny state

A

The government taking control the population with laws etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Reasons for the ageing population (decreasing birth rate)

A

Contraception
Abortion
Low infant mortality
Women working (feminism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Reasons for ageing population (decreasing death rate)

A 
NHS
Advanced technology
Government policies
Welfare state
Improved nutrition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When was contraception introduced

A

1961

26
Q

When was the abortion act

A

1968

27
Q

When was the NHS introduced

A

1948

28
Q

Name 2 government policies that may affect ageing population

A

Sugar tax

Universal credit

29
Q

What is universal credit and views on it

A

Working class get benefits for 2 children, anymore and they don’t get extra money for them.

  • this controls how many children they can have
    + reduces dependency culture
30
Q

Impact of the ageing population

A
  • increases dependency ratio
  • puts strain on NHS

+ more free childcare
+ more volunteers

31
Q

Immigration (coming in) change from 1991 to 2008

A

1991 - 320,000

2008 - 540,000

32
Q

Emigration (leaving) change from 1991 to 2008

A

1991 - 210,000

2008 - 420,000

33
Q

Impact of immigration

A

Lowers average age (younger and produce more babies)

Lowers dependency ratio (working age)

34
Q

Why do black families have higher rates of single parents

A

Mizra

- Black women place higher value on independence and so marriage doesn’t suit them

35
Q

What did vertove (2007) say about globalisation

A

There is a wide range of cultures, religions and countries in the UK to create ‘super diversity’

36
Q

What was Murdocks view of the family

A 
Families have 4 functions: REES
Reproduction
Educational
Economic
Sexual

He saw the nuclear family as ideal:
male - instrumental role
female - expressive role

37
Q

What is the instrumental role

A

The breadwinner (traditionally male)

38
Q

What is the expressive role

A

The nurturer and carer (traditionally female)

39
Q

Criticisms of murdocks view

A
  • many single-parent/same-sex families are happy and successful
  • serves capitalism (Marxism)
  • benefits men more than women (feminism)
40
Q

What was parsons view on the family

A

Simplified Murdock to 2 main functions of families

  • primary socialisation
  • stabilising adult personalities

Functional Fit Theory - families play different functions depending on the society they’re in: Nuclear family is ideal for our industrial society.

Our industrial society requires

  • geographical mobile workforce = moving for jobs
  • socially mobile workforce = younger generations encouraged towards work
41
Q

Criticism of Parsons view

A

Hareven

- extended families are best for ‘post industrial’ society (eg childcare) nuclear no longer ideal

42
Q

What is the new right view on the family

A

Decline in nuclear family had led to a broken society:

  • increase in single parents = no role model, dependency culture leads to crime
  • increase in mothers working = less nurturing, poor socialisation leads to socially unstable children
  • increase in divorce = poor example to children
43
Q

What did Murray 1989 say on the family

A

There is an ‘underclass’ - unemployed, on benefits, single parents

44
Q

Comparison of families that live in poverty

A

Single mum - 50%

Married - 10%

45
Q

What’s the Marxist view on the family

A

A nuclear family allows capitalism to flourish and prevents proletariat from rising up…

  1. Inheritance of wealth
  2. Ideological functions - children are socialised to accept their place in society (trained to be obedient)
  3. Units of consumption - families are targets for advertising
46
Q

What’s the post-modern view on the family

A

Giddens (1999) - individuals have greater freedom/choice when deciding whether to marry, who to marry, or to have kids.

‘Pure relationships’

  • couples stay together because of love or happiness
  • law, religion, society have no impact on relationships
47
Q

Evaluation of post-modern view of family

A

+ recognised gender role change

- not everyone has a free choice

48
Q

What’s the personal life perspective

A

Family is beyond blood and marriage as friends, relatives, chosen family and pets often help more than your ‘actual’ family.

49
Q

What did Pilcher (1995) say about children

A

That they are becoming more educated and protected by laws (eg Child Protection Act 2004)

50
Q

What did Aires (1960) say about childhood

A

In pre-industrial society, the idea of childhood did not exist.
In the industrial society, childhood begins to develop.

51
Q

Reasons for the change in the position of children

A

The introduction of compulsory schooling
Child protection
- 1889 Prevention of cruelty to children act
- 2004 child protection act
- UN convention of on the rights of the child
Lower infant mortality/birth rates
- more affection onto children as they have less

52
Q

What’s the March of progress view on childhood

A

Aires and Shorter
- children are more valued, better cared for, protected and educated than before

Jenks

  • childhood is changing but not disappearing
  • children are vulnerable and in need of protection, resulting in even greater surveillance
53
Q

What did Postman(1994) say about childhood

A

The lines between children and adults is unclear due to media.
They have access to violence, sex and dress the same and are disciplined the same.

54
Q

What did Palmer (2007) say about childhood

A

We have ‘toxic childhood’.

Youth have very high rates of obesity, self harm and drug abuse etc.

55
Q

What are child liberationists

A

People who want children to have more freedom

56
Q

What is age patriarchy

A

Children are dominated by men in the same way women are

57
Q

What did Bott (1957) say about the domestic division of labour

A

Segregated conjugal roles - couples have separate roles in house, leisure time also different
Joint conjugal roles - couples share roles in house, leisure is often spent together

58
Q

What did Young and Willmott (1973) say about gender roles

A

The roles of husbands and wives are becoming more similar.

Men help with housework and childcare

59
Q

What did Oakley (1974) say about gender roles

A

Symmetrical family is exaggerated - men cherry pick tasks they want.

60
Q

What do feminists say about women working

A

Hochschild (2013)

- women now have to do domestic labour, emotional work and paid work

61
Q

What is dependency culture

A

Murray - People relying on benefits instead of trying to get a job

Sociology - Paper 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions