FAMILIAR Flashcards
what climate was SPT developed?
a point when open and honest communication was highly valued
who created the onion metaphor
Altman & Taylor (SPT)
what is the onion metaphor
an onion has layers, the outer layer is an individuals public image (characteristics visible to others) the central layers are aspects of the self that are revealed through self disclosure
what is self-disclosure?
the process of revealing information about oneself to others, at the core of relational development. Can be strategic or non-strategic
how does self-disclosure relate to SPT?
stranger on a train, breadth and depth of disclosure
what is the stranger on a train theory?
the vent that occurs when strangers reveal personal information to others in public places
what is breadth
number of topics discussed in a relationship
what is depth of disclosure?
as relationships move towards intimacy, there is more breadth and depth in disclosure
what are the stages of social penetration?
orientation, exploratory affective exchange, affective exchange, stable exchange
what is the orientation stage of SP?
revealing bits of ourselves to others, cautious, behavior guided by norms
what is the exploratory affective exchange stage of SP?
emergence of an individual’s personality communication becomes more spontaneous; few relationships pass this stage
what is the affective exchange stage of SP?
spontaneous communication; very relaxed and casual, use of personal idioms
what is the stable exchange stage of SP?
efficient communication; establishment of a personal system of communication. high degree of spontaneity
what are some assumptions of SET?
- relationships are interdependent
- relational life is a process; recognizes the important of time and change in relational life
- humans seek rewards & avoid punishment
- humans are rational human beings
- the standards that humans use to evaluate costs & rewards vary over time and from person to person
What are some exchange patterns?
given matrix, effective matrix, and dispositonal matrix
what is the given matrix?
behavioral choices and outcomes that are determined by a combination of internal and external factors
what is the effective matrix?
the variety of alternative behaviors and outcomes that guide an individual’s choice for behaviors in social exchange
what is the dispositional matrix?
illustrates the way in which two people believe that rewards should be exchanged between them in a relationship
What are the exchange structures?
direct exchange, generalized exchange, and productive exchange
what is the direct exchange structure?
2 people reciprocate cost and rewards
what is the generalized exchange structure?
reciprocation involving social work and isn’t confined to 2 individuals
what is the productive exchange structure?
both partners incur costs and benefits at the same time
What are the social exchange outcomes?
Outcome > CL > CLalt satisfying and stable
Outcome > CLalt > CL satisfying and stable
CLalt > CL > outcome unsatisfying and unstable
CL > CLalt > outcome unsatisfying and unstable
CLalt > outcome > CL satisfying and unstable
CL > outcome > CLalt unsatisfying and stable
What are the criticisms of SET?
testability (central concepts of costs and rewards are not clearly defined)
utility (theory views humans as rational calculators who are able to come up with numerical representations of their relational lives)
scope (too narrow & ignores group influences on behavior)
what is the monologic approach to contradiction?
views contradictions in a relationship to be “either/or” in nature (close or distant)
what is the dualistic approach to contradiction?
views contradictions in a relationship as being separate and unrelated to one another and assumes that relationships may be evaluated differently at different times (measures level of closeness)
what is the dialectical approach to contradiction?
substituted both/and for either/or recognizing that people want multiple goals in their relational lives
Assumptions of Relational Dialectics Theory
- relationships are not linear (swinging between contradictory desires held by a partner or both)
- relational life is characterized by change
- contradiction is the fundamental fact of relational life (pushes & pulls of tensions are ongoing)
- communication is central to organizing and negotiating relational contradictions (people achieve dialectical unity through communication practices)
what are the three basic dialectics?
autonomy and connection, openness and protection, and novelty and predictability
What is autonomy and connection?
simultaneous desires to maintain independence and to fulfill our need for affiliation and inclusion
what is openness and protection?
conflicting desires to be open and reveal personal information but also keep some information to ourselves
what is novelty and predictability?
we have conflicting desires to experience comfort of stability and excitement of change
what are the responses to dialectics?
cyclic alternation, segmentation, selection, and integration
what is cyclic alternation?
sibling favor autonomy in their teen years but seek closeness in their adult relationships’
what is segmentation?
partners isolate separate areas of the relationship in which the tension will be highlighted or emphasized
what is selection?
people choose between opposing tensions
what is integration?
synthesize opposing tensions
The role of disclosure in SPT
process of revealing information about oneself to others, at the core of relational development
can be strategic or non-strategic
The role of disclosure in CPMT
private disclosure is the process of revealing private information (does not have to be about the self and does not conflate disclosure with intimacy)
Assumptions of CPMT
- relational life is characterized by change
- contradiction is the fundamental fact of relational life
- humans are choice makers
- humans are rule makers & rule followers
- humans choices & rules are based on a consideration for others as well as the self
criticisms of CPMT
heuristic (been used in many situations)
logical (contradiction between CPMT’s claim to be dialectical and the dualistic approach it takes)
utility (offers an explanation of the delicate process of coordinating disclosure and concealment
assumptions of groupthink theory
associated with small-group communication
2 groups susceptible to groupthink: task-oriented groups or problem-solving groups
3 conditions underlie groupthink
antecedent conditions to groupthink
- stressed placed on individual group members may increase the potential for groupthink to occur
- specific structural characteristics of the environment surrounding the group impact the decision-making process (group insulation, lack of impartial leadership, failure to establish clear decision-making procedures
- high cohesiveness of the decision-making group, pressure to conform to high standards (conformity is the primary route leading to groupthink, cohesion doesn’t automatically lead to groupthink)
symptoms of groupthink
overestimation of the group, closed-mindedness, pressure towards uniformity
explain overestimation of the group
illusion of invulnerability (group believes it’s special enough to overcome obstacles)
belief in inherent morality (all group members are thoughtful and good; decisions will be good)
explain closed-mindedness
Out-group stereotypes: assume that “enemies” aren’t intelligent enough to negatively impact the decisions that are made
collective rationalization: commitment of group to ignore any warnings that might cause group members to reconsider their thoughts and actions prior to making the final group decision
explain pressure towards uniformity
Self-censorship: minimization of personal doubts and counterarguments by individual group members
Illusion of unanimity: group’s perception that all members are in agreement
Self-appointed mindgaurds: group members who protect or shield the group from adverse information
Pressures on dissenters: pressure placed on individuals who express opinions or viewpoints that are contrary to those held by the other group members
criticisms of groupthink
great heuristic value (been researched in a variety of contexts)
questions about testability & validity (stood the test of time)
assumptions of organizational culture theory
members create & maintain a shared sense of organizational reality resulting in a better understanding of the values of the organization
use of interpretation of symbols are critical to an organization’s culture
cultures vary across organizations and the perception of actions within these cultures are diverse
symbols of OCT
physical, behavioral, verbal
what are the cultural performances in organizations?
ritual, passion, social, political, enculturation
what is the ritual performance?
communication rituals include behaviors that an individual routinely does everyday in the workplace
what is the passion performance?
organizational stories that members enthusiastically share with one another
what is the social performance?
common extensions of civility, politeness, and courtesies in an attempt to gain cooperation among an organizations members
what is the political performance?
involve members communicative attempts to influence one another in the organization
what is the enculturation performance?
the ways in which members obtain the necessary information and skills to perform their jobs within the organization
criticisms of OCT
heuristic (widely applied)
utility (applauded for usefulness in explaining experiences of all employees)
logical consistency (different organizational narrators often tell different stories)
focus of organizational information theory
organization as a system, interrelationships exisy among units in an organization
feedback helps accomplish goals
organizations will evolve as they try to make sense of feedback
Weick’s view of organizations
sees the organization as a system taking in confusing or ambiguous information from its environment and making sense out of it
what is enactment
interpretation of the information received and the organization determines the level of equivocality in this stage
what is selection?
requires the organization to make a decision about the rules and cycles that will be used to reduce equivocality
what is retention?
the stage at which the organization stores in memory those rules/strategies that were effective in reducing equivocality for future reference
what are aristotles 5 cannons of rhetoric?
invention, arrangement, style, memory, delivery
invention
the construction/development of an argument that is relevant to the purpose of a speech
arrangement
a speaker’s ability to organize a speech
style
the use of language to express ideas in a certain manner
memory
aristotle did not spend time delineating the importance of memory; memory involves having a basic understanding of the material and techniques used in speech making
delivery
nonverbal presentation of a speaker’s ideas
