False Belief Tasks

Question 1

Wimmer and Perner (1983)

Answer 1

Maxi Task (explicit)

Question 2

Baron-Cohen et al (1989)

Answer 2

Sally-Anne Task (explicit)

Question 3

Hogrefe et al (1986)

Answer 3

Smarties Task (explicit)

Question 4

Clements and Perner (1994)

Answer 4

Gaze direction to a false belief location (Implicit)

Question 5

Onishi and Baillargen (2005)

Answer 5

Violation of expectations paradigms (implicit)

Question 6

Southgate et al (2007)

Answer 6

Non-verbal FBTs (implicit)

Question 7

Chevallier et al (2014)

Answer 7

Typically developing children are more likely to outperform children with ASDs on FBTs tasks in the presence of an experimenter than when FBTs are delivered via a non-social medium
May be because typically developing children benefit for social explanations of ToM tasks but autistic children don’t

Question 8

Burnel et al (2018)

Answer 8

Knowledge Access tasks (like the smarties task) are likely to be measuring language ability as opposed to ToM