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Geriatrics AM > Falls and immobility > Flashcards

Falls and immobility Flashcards

1
Q

What are some risk factors for falls?

A

Muscle weakness
History of falls
Gait deficit
Balance deficit

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2
Q

What are the categories of causes of falls?

A

Intrisic
Extrinsic
Situational

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3
Q

What are the instrinsic causes of falls?

A 
Gait and balance problems
Syncope
Chronic disease
Acute disease
Visual problems
Cognitive disorder
Vit D deficiency
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4
Q

What are the common gait and balance problems?

A

Postural instability

Vertigo

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5
Q

What maintains postural stability?

A

Cardiac output

Vasomotor tone

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6
Q

What are the controls of balance?

A

Sensory inpout- visual, vestibular, proprioceptive
Central processing
Muscular activity

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7
Q

What are the causes of vertigo?

A 
Labrynthitis
Acute ear infection
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Meniere's
Cerebellar/brainstem pathology
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8
Q

How are gait and balance problems assessed?

A 
Sitting to standing ability
Static standing balance
Romberg test
Dynamic standing balance
Gait
Timed up and go test
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9
Q

What are the causes of syncope?

A 
Neurally mediated
Orthostatic hypotension
Cardiac arrythmias
Structural cardiac or cardiopulmonary disease
Cerebrovascular
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10
Q

What are the common causes of neurally mediated syncope?

A

Vasovagal syncope
Carotid sinus hypersensitivity
Situational syncope

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11
Q

What are the causes of orthostatic hypotension?

A

Autonomic failure

Volume depletion

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of syncope?

A

Vasovagal syncope

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13
Q

What are the common causes of syncope in older people?

A

Vasovagal

Orthostatic due to autonomic failure

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14
Q

What should be assessed in syncope?

A

PMH
History of event- prodrome, last and first thing remembered, circumstances, posture, injuries, confusion/weakness
ECG

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15
Q

What chronic diseases can cause falls?

A

Neuro

MSK

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16
Q

What cognitive disorders can cause falls?

A

Dementia
Delirium
Depresison/anxiety

17
Q

What extrinsic factors can cause falls?

A

Inappropriate footwear
Environmental hazards
Poor lighting

18
Q

What are the situational causes of falls?

A

Drugs
Alcohol
Urgency of micturition

19
Q

What medications can cause falls?

A 
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
Anticholinergics/antimuscarinics
Benzodiazepines
Antihypertensives
Diuretics
20
Q

What are the outcomes of falls?

A 
Injury- soft tissue, fracture, subdural etc
Rhabdomyolysis
Loss of confidence
Inability to cope
Dependency, decreased quality of life
Carer stress
Institutionalisation
Terminal decline
21
Q

What are the categories of complications of immbolity?

A

Physical
Psych
Social

22
Q

What are the physical complications of immobility?

A 
Muscle wasting
Muscle contractures
Pressure sores
DVT
Constipation/incontinence
Hypothermia
Hypostatic pneumonia
Osteoporosis
23
Q

What are the psych complications of immobility?

A

Depression

Loss of confidence

24
Q

What are the social complications of immobility?

A

Isolation

Institutionalisation

Geriatrics AM (5 decks)

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