Fallacies, Outline, Argumentative Essay

Question 1

logical fallacies

Answer 1

A logical fallacy is an argument that can be disproven through reasoning. This is different from a subjective argument or one that can be disproven with facts; for a position to be a logical fallacy, it must be logically flawed or deceptive insome way
* These are errors in reasoning that renders an argument invalid

Question 2

ad hominem

Answer 2

• Argument Latin word meaning “against the man” “to the person”
• This is unfairly attacking a person instead of the issue or attacking the character or reputation of a position’s supporters. It is like becoming guilty by your association.

Question 3

begging the question

Answer 3

• circular reasoning
• assumes the conclusion they are trying
  to prove is true before giving supporting evidence.
• argument is true because you think it’s true

Question 4

false analogy

Answer 4

making a comparison between two subjects that have more dissimilarities than similarities. Uses analogies to argue
for a conclusion instead of providing reasons or evidence.

Question 5

two wrongs make a right

Answer 5

defending something wrong that we did by citing another incident of wrong doing. a rebuttal that responds to one claim with reactive criticism rather than with a
response to the claim itself. Related to appeal to hypocrisy also whataboutism.
- related to tu quoque - you too

Question 6

cause and effect fallacy

Answer 6

This is citing a false or remote cause to
explain a situation or relationship between two things where one can’t actually be proven.

Question 7

oversimplification

Answer 7

is understating or making a very complicated issue seem very simple by using simple terms or suppressing information

Question 8

hasty generalization

Answer 8

an arguer is giving an inference or a broad
conclusion drawn from scant or insufficient or sometimes biased evidence or data.
- jumping to conclusions

Question 9

Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Ho

Answer 9

assuming “correlation does imply causation.” because one thing follows another chronologically, there is a causal relationship

Question 10

rationalization

Answer 10

is giving false justifications for your viewpoint which can occur when the truth is ineffective, embarrassing to tell,
or harsher than the made-up justifications offered.

Question 11

strawman

Answer 11

the arguer is misrepresenting or distorting their opponent’s position to more easily discredit it and win the argument.

Question 12

either or fallacy

Answer 12

• false dilemma, false dichotome
• arguers present two things as if they are the only possible choices when in fact, there are several potential outcomes or alternatives. By doing so, this leads the reader into a “false” sense understanding.

Question 13

red herring

Answer 13

Putting forth a point of view unrelated to your topic in an effort to divert the reader. This is a diversionary strategy that avoids the important issues, frequently by avoiding opposing arguments instead of addressing them.

Question 14

equivocation

Answer 14

This is a childish linguistic trick or remark intended to deceive or confound readers or listeners by utilizing several meanings or interpretations of a single word or just by using ambiguous language.

Question 15

evasion

Answer 15

This is when we are ignoring or evading the questions.

Question 16

slippery slope

Answer 16

It is implying that one small step in the wrong direction will cause catastrophic results. the arguer claims a specific series of events will follow one starting point, typically with no supporting evidence for this chain of events.

Question 18

non-sequitur

Answer 18

“It does not follow” These are argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically to the conclusion.
- walang sense

Question 19

outline

Answer 19

• It shows the hierarchical relationship or the logical ordering of the various topics listed in the text
• a general plan or a blueprint of what you
  are going to write. This is created prior to creating a draft of your academic writing
• an aid to organizing
  your thoughts a lot easier

Question 20

parts of an outline

Answer 20

• introduction - the first paragraph of your outline which talks about the topic of your text and it usually ends with the thesis statement or the purpose of your paper. Your outline should begin with a thesis statement.
• The body is made up of several paragraphs. It is where the topics and
  subtopics are written. The topic sentence for each body paragraph should
  support the thesis statement. The topic sentences need to agree with the main
  idea or the thesis statement; topic sentence, supporting evidence, explanation - explain how evidence supports topic, so what - what is significant about the ideas, how does it connect to the ts
• conclusion - summarizes the paper

Question 21

types of outline

Answer 21

sentence, topic

Question 22

4 main components of an effective outline

Answer 22

• parallelism
• division
• coordination
• subordination

Question 23

parallelism

Answer 23

It is making sure that the topics
and subtopics are parallel in structure.

Question 24

division

Answer 24

outline has structure and parts to
follow. In a formal outline, roman numerals can be used to represent paragraphs while capital letters represent supporting details for the
paragraphs.

Question 25

coordination

Answer 25

This is making sure that all the parts are related and significant to all the other
parts. Heading one is connected to heading two or subheading one to subheading two.
- coherence and cohesion

Question 26

subordination

Answer 26

The information in the headings should be more general, while the subheadings should be more specific.

Question 27

argumentation

Answer 27

a type of discourse that centers on a thesis

Question 28

thesis

Answer 28

an idea or something that we strongly agree or believe in, or to what we stand for
- also termed as assertion