Fallacies and Cognitive Biases Flashcards
Ad Fidentia
Person 1 claims that y is true, but is person 1 really sure about that?
Therefore y is false.
Accident Fallacy
X is a common and accepted rule
therefore, there are no exceptions to x
Ad Hoc Rescue
Claim X is true because of evidence Y
Evidence Y is demonstrated to no be acceptable evidence
Therefore guess Z then, even though there is no evidence for guess Z
Ad Hominem (Abusive)
Person 1 is claiming Y
Person 1 is a moron
Therefore, Y is not true
Ad Hominem (Circumstantial)
Person 1 is claiming Y
Person 1 has a vested interest in Y being true
Therefore, Y is false
Ad Hominem (Guilt by association)
Person 1states that Y is true
Person 2 states that Y is true, and person 2 is a moron
therefore, person 1 must be a moron
Ad Hominem (Tu Quoque)
Person 1 is claiming that Y is true, but person 1 is acting as if Y is not true
Therefore, Y must not be true
Affirming a Disjunct
P or Q
P.
Therefore, not Q
P or Q
Q.
Therefore, not P
Affirming the Consequent
If P then Q
Q
Therefore P
Alleged Certainty
Everybody knows that x is true
therefore, X is true
Appeal to Accomplishment
Person 1 claims that Y is true
Person 1 is accomplished
Therefore, Y is true
Appeal to Anger
Person 1 claims that X is true
Person 1 is outraged
therefore, X is true
Appeal to Authority
According to person 1, Y is true
therefore Y is true
Appeal to education
Person 1 makes claim Y
Person 1 has no formal education
therefore, claim Y is false
Appeal to Celebrity
Celebrity 1 makes claim Y
Therefore, Y is true
Appeal to Common Belief
Many people believe X
therefore X must be true
Appeal to Common Folk
X is common folk wisdom
therefore you should accept X
Person 1 is a common man who proposes y
you are also a common man
therefore you should accept Y
Appeal to Coincidence
Evidence suggests that X is a result of Y
yet on insists that X is a result of chance
Appeal to Consequences
X is true/false because if people did not accept X as being true/false then there would be negative/positive consequences
Appeal to Definition
The dictionary definition X does not mention Y
Therefore, Y must not be a part of X
Appeal to Desperation
Something must be done
X is something
Therefore X must be done
Appeal to Emotion
X must be true
Imagine how sad it would be if it wasn’t true
Appeal to Extremes
If X is true, then Y must also be true
given that Y is the extreme of X
Appeal to Fear
If you don’t accept X as true/false, something terrible will happen to you
therefore X must be true