FALLACIES Flashcards
Language- Vagueness
Meaning is unclear.
Language- Ambiguity
Two or more distinct interpretations
Language- Equivocation
Changes meanings during argument in effort to make an argument more compelling.
Language- obscuration
Argument relies on over complex sentence structure
Evidence- Repeated assertion
Relies on repetition to provide support for an unwarranted claim.
Evidence- Non representative instances
Create distorted justification for P.o.v, jeopardize the quality of reasoning process.
Evidence- insufficient instances
Generalizes from an inadequate number of instances. Not significantly large sample
Evidence- unreliable source
Most dependent on context. Source is partially bias or lack credibility in given context.
Reasoning- Straw Argument
Characterized by an under stimulation of opposition. Present distorted version of opposite views
Reasoning- begging the question
When advocate avoid the direct relevant issue.
Reasoning- Circularity
Argumentation is circulatory when unsupported
Reasoning- non sequitur
Does not follow. Does not logically follow from the premises & evidence
Evidence- Appeal to ignorance
Unfair shift in burden of proof
Evidence- appeal to popular
Too much reliance on public opinion. Bc most people believe it, it’s true.
Evidence- appeal to tradition
Advocate argues that a practice is moral or a belief is correct bc it confirms to tradition.
Evidence- Ad hominem
Challenges claims on the basis of who made them.
Evidence- oversimplification
Overlook potential relevant consideration
Evidence- false dilemma
Limited options. Sometimes there is a 3rd alternative more open & effective.
Evidence- oppositional thinking
No middle ground
Evidence- hasty generalization
Generalizations that are unwarranted by the support
Evidence- post hoc, ergo propter hoc
After the fact, therefore bc of the fact
Evidence- faulty comparison
Draw conclusion based on unwarranted comparison
