Fallacies Flashcards
Fallacies of Scope
- Hasty Generalisation
- Faulty analogy
- fallacies of consumption and division
bad scope - conlusion outside boundaries of premises
Fallacies of relevance
- Ad hominem
- Tu quoque
- Straw man
- Ad populum
- Illicit appeal to nature
- is ought fallacy
- Appeal to the wrong authority
- Appeal to emotion
- Gamblers fallacy
premises of argument not related to the conlusion
Fallacies of presumption
- False dichotomy
- slippery slope
- false cause
conclusion of argument drawn from faulty premises
Define effective reasoning
Logically structures argument supported by relevant premises and free from fault
Fallacies of vacuity
- begging the question
conlusion is already contained within the premises
Inductive reasoning
premises provide probable support that is specific, then move to a more general conclusion
4 criteria of strength of inductive argument that makes it cogent
- scope
- relevance
- truth in premises
what do you evaluate analogies off to determine its strength
- relevance
- strength of conclusion
- exceptions
hasty generalisation
Fallacy of scope
generalisation on too little evidence
p1: sample S taken from population P has characteristic X
p2: Therefore all of P has X
Faulty analogy
Scope
where there is an ignored unshared relevant characteristic
1. P has X,Y
2. Q has X,Y
c1. P and Q are analagous
3. P has has Z
c2. Q has Z
Fallacies of composition and division
Scope
Composition: Infers something is true for the whole because one part is
1. A is a part of B
2. A has X
c. B has X
Division: infers when something is true for the whole, it must also be true for all or some parts
1. A is a part of B
2. B has X
c. A has X
Ad hominem
Relevance
meaning to the man - attack moves to characteristic of oponent
1. person A makes arg X
2. Person B identifies characteristic of person A
3. arg X is invalid
Tu quoque
Relevance
appeal made to the hypocirsy of oponent for doing something different
1; person A claims X is true
2. Person A acts as if X isnt true
c. X is not true
Straw man
Relevance
Distortion of arg to make it easier to attack
Ad populum
Relevance
Appeal to popular opinion
illicit appeal to nature
idk relevance
is ought fallacy
relevance
fact jumps to value without explanation
appeal to the wrong authority
relevance
irrelevent authority used to bolster strength of claim
illicit appeal to emotion
relevance
using emotion instead of reason to prove claim
gamblers fallacy
relevance
if something occurs less frequently over time, it will happen more frequently in the future
1: A has occured with less frequency
2: A will happen frequently in the future
False Dichotomy
presumption
claims conclusion is 1 of 2 options when there are other options, and claims other option is outragious
1: either X or Y is true
2: X is not true/outragious
c: Y is true/better
Slippery Slope
presumption
when an argument is claimed to appeal to a chain of events - claimed to lead from acceptance of opponents proposal to some undesirable consequence
1: If A, then B, then C…
2: …if X, then Y, then definetly Z
c1: Therefore if A, then definetly Z
3: Z is undesirable
c2: dont do A
False cause
presumption
when one wrongfully draws a conclusion that one thing causes another when it could be a coincidence
1: A is obsereved to occur prior or with B
c: A is the cause of B
Begging the question
vacuity
conclusion is derived from premises that presuppose the conclusion.
argument assumes proposition which is what the argument is attempting to prove.
1: A is true/false
2: A is the same as B
c: B is true/false
