fallacies Flashcards
an exchange of diverging or opposite views, typically a heated or angry one
argument
the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way
reasoning
reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity
logic
a cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event
reason
three essential parts of any argument and the claim; data; and the warrant
toulmin logic
Author identifies the goals and issues of different sides of a topic
rogerian argument
a logical approach where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusions
deductive reasoning
logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a logical conclusion
syllogism
a statement or assertion that expresses a judgement or opinion
proposition
a previous statement or proposition form which another is inferred or follow as a conclusion
premise
an assumption or argument meant to be taken as fact
major premise
assumption/ argument that serves to substantiate the major premise
minor premise
drawn from both the major and minor premise
conclusion
finding the path that leads to a known solution
inductive reasoning
use specific observation as a basis for a general conclusion
inductive leap
deciding something without having all the facts; to reach unwarranted conclusions
jumping to a conclusion
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point further investigation
hypothesis
“x” is true because I say so
claim
a justification or authorization found in text
warrant
a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning
inference
support
backing
vulnerabilities in an argument caused by faulty reasoning or incorrect use of evidence
logical fallacies
assuming as true the very claim that is disputed, a form of circular argument that goes no where
begging the question
inaccurate or inconsequential comparisons between objects or concepts
Argument from analogy
“to the man” arguments attack the character of a person rather than the claim, switches the argument from the issue to the person arguing against
personal attack
take a general idea or rule and apply it too widely, without allowing any exceptions to it.i
hasty or sweeping generalization
reduce a complicated issue to excessively simple terms or attempt to obscure legitimate alternatives
false dilemma
half truths or arguments that gives lies an harvest appearance, usually based on trick language
equivocation
changes the subject abruptly or introduces irrelevant claim or fact to throw readers off the trail, used to undermine someone else’s
red hearing
supposed that the opposing speaker is hypocritical
you also
writer/author offers themselves or other authorities as a sufficient warrant for believing a claim
appeal to doubtful authority
when numeral data is used in a way that distorts or misrepresents the true meaning or significance of the numbers
misleading statistics
faulty assumption that because one event/ action follows another, the first causes the second
false cause
Argument whoser claims, reasons, or warrants don’t connect logically
non sequitur
urge people to take the same path as everyone else, push people to take easier path rather than think independently
bandwagon/ Ad populum
attack arguments that non one is really or portray opponents positions as more extreme or far less coherent than they actually are
straw man
portrays todays tiny misstep as tomorrow’s slide into disaster, exaggeration of the likely consequences of an action to frighten audience
slippery slope
credibility
ethos
appeal to emotion
pathos
appeal to the audiences sense of reason or logic
logos
having a sound basis in logic or fact; reasonable
valid
the ability to think logically and critically
sound
a person made weak or disabled by illness or injury
invalid
not valid or true
unsound
an argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument
counter argument
the action of proving a statement or theory to be wrong or false
refutation
an instruction to the audience designed to provoke an immediate response
call to action
the act of validating; finding or testing the truth of something
substantiation
evidence or arguments establishing or helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement
proof
