Fallacies Flashcards
Occurs when an arguer presents their argument as one of only two options despite the presence of multiple possibilities.
False Dilema
Occurs when something is instantly concluded to be true just because it is not proven to be false and vice versa.
Appeal to Ignorance
Occurs when a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable consequences is drawn
Slippery Slope
Occurs when two or more points are rolled into one and the reader is expected to either accept or reject both at the same time, when one point may be satisfactory while the other is not.
Complex Questions
Occurs when a threat instead of reasoning is used to argue.
Appeal to force
Occurs when the element of pity is used instead of logical reasoning.
Appeal to pity
Occurs when unpleasant consequences of believing something are pointed out to show that the belief is false
Appeal to consequences
Occurs when an argument is considered to be valid because of what the majority thinks
Bandwagon
Occurs when someone tries to refuse an argument by attacking the character of a person instead the ideas of the argument.
Attacking the person
When the argument quotes an expert who is not qualified in the particular subject manner
Appeal to authority
The authority in question is not mentioned or named
Anonymous Authority
Occurs when sample is not significant or enough to support a generalization about a population
Hasty generalization
Occurs when the writer assumes two concepts that are similar in some ways are also similar in other ways
False analogy
Occurs when a general rule is applied to a situation even when it should be an exception
Accident
Assuming that an event must have been the cause of a later event because it happened earlier
Post hoc
Occurs when the direction between cause and effect is reverse
wrong direction
Occurs when the explanation for an event is reduced to one thing when there are other factors which also contributed to the event
Complex cause
Occurs when an argument which is supposed or prove something concludes something else instead.
Irrelevant conclusion
Occurs when the position of the opposition is twisted so that is easier to refute
Straw man
Any argument of the form; if A is true then B is true. If it is true therefore A is true
Affirming the consequent
Any argument in the form; if A is true, then B is true. If A is not true therefore B is not true
Denying the Antecedent
Occurs when the arguments contradict one another
inconsistency
