Fallacies

Question 1

What are all the fallacies of relevance?

Answer 1

Appeal to the populace
appeals to emotion
red herring
Straw person
Ad hominem
-abusive
-guilt by association
-circumstantial
-Poisoning the well
Appeal to force
Missing the point

Question 2

What are all the fallacies of defective induction?

Answer 2

Argument from ignorance
Appeal to inappropriate authority
False cause
-post hoc ergo propter
-slippery slope
Hasty generalization

Question 3

What are all the fallacies of presumption?

Answer 3

Accident
Complex question
Begging the question

Question 4

What are the fallacies of ambiguity?

Answer 4

Equivocation
Amphiboly
Accent
Composition
Division

Question 5

What is the main problem with fallacies of relevance?

Answer 5

The premises are not relevant to the conclusion. They appear to be relevant but aren’t.

Question 6

What is appeal to the populace?

Answer 6

When the support for the conclusion relies completely on an appeal to popular belief
ex: commercials selling things
(fallacy of relevance)

Question 7

What is appeal to emotion?

Answer 7

When an argument relies on an appeal to an emotion like sadness or pity.
Ex: I want to jump off a bridge and kill myself. That is why you should give me $50 from your wallet.
(fallacy of relevance)

Question 8

What is red herring?

Answer 8

(fallacy of relevance)
When attention is deliberately deflected away from the issue under discussion.
The audience is drawn to some aspect of the topic and then they are led away from the actual previous subject.

Question 9

What is strawperson?

Answer 9

(fallacy of relevance)
When someone depicts their opponent’s position as more extreme or unreasonable than it is actually justified by evidence to be said by the opposing side.
ex: political parties blowing each other’s arguments out of proportion.

Question 10

What is ad hominem?

Answer 10

(fallacy of relevance)
when your argument relies on attacking a person

Question 11

What is abusive ad hominem?

Answer 11

(fallacy of relevance)
associating opposition of an argument with being morally incorrect. (without evidence)
Guilt by association is a type of abusive ad hominem.

Question 12

What is circumstantial ad hominem?

Answer 12

( fallacy of relevance)
treating someone’s circumstances as the premise of an opposing argument even though circumstances don’t relate to the truth of a claim nor human character.
Charges inconsistency because of relationship to a group.

Question 13

What is poisoning the well?

Answer 13

A type of circumstantial ad hominem where you attack the good faith or intellectual honesty of the opponent.
(fallacy of relevance)

Question 14

What is appeal to force?

Answer 14

abandoning reason
relies upon a subtle or not subtle threat of force
(fallacy of relevance)

Question 15

what is Missing the point?

Answer 15

(fallacy of relevance)
where premise support a different conclusion from the one that’s there. only use this when it doesn’t fit any of the other categories.

Question 16

What is the main problem with fallacies of defective induction?

Answer 16

They have relevant but messed up premises. The reasons are not good reasons.

Question 17

What is argument from ignorance?

Answer 17

(fallacy of defective induction)
Arguing something is true because it hasn’t been proven false
or arguing something is false because it hasn’t been proven true
not knowing= no conclusion is the right way to go

Question 18

What is appeal to inappropriate authority?

Answer 18

(fallacy of defective induction)
When you argue a proposition is true just because an expert said so
they can or can’t be the right expert
or they are an expert in the correct field but without the further understanding to make claims on the topic

Question 19

What is false cause?

Answer 19

(fallacy of defective induction)
When something that’s not really the cause of something else is treated as its cause

Question 20

What is post hoc ergo propter?

Answer 20

(fallacy of defective induction)
A type of false cause where an event is assumed to have been caused by an event that happened shortly before it. (without any other evidence)

Question 21

What is slippery slope?

Answer 21

(fallacy of defective induction)
A type of false cause where something is argued against because any change will lead to further change in that same direction. (bad=more bad)

Question 22

What is hasty generalization?

Answer 22

(fallacy of defective induction)
When you draw conclusions about all things in a given class based on knowledge about one or few members of that class.
Single instances are relevant support for a general rule/theory, but not proof.
If a generalization is used as proof then it is a fallacy.

Question 23

What is the main problem with fallacies of presumption?

Answer 23

an unsupported proposition is implied as a possibility by the way the argument is formed.
Relevance to conclusion is only because of an implied opinion.

Question 24

What is accident?

Answer 24

(fallacy of presumption)
When you apply a generalization to an individual circumstance that the generalization doesn’t support.

Question 25

What is complex question?

Answer 25

(fallacy of presumption)
Where an assumption is built into a question.
ex: we can all agree that Robert Pattinson’s hair is yellow when it was purple yesterday, right?

Question 26

What is begging the question?

Answer 26

(fallacy of presumption)
When you assume your conclusion as a premise and create a circular argument.
When you need an unsupported assumption to justify your conclusion.

Question 27

What is the main problem with fallacies of ambiguity?

Answer 27

Meanings of words and phrases shift within the course of an argument.
If inference point depends on a shift in meaning to reach the conclusion then it’s fallacious.

Question 28

What is equivocation?

Answer 28

(fallacy of ambiguity)
using multiple meanings of a term in different parts of an argument.

Question 29

What is amphiboly?

Answer 29

(fallacy of ambiguity)
When the premises are not able to be understood/determined because they are formed in an ambiguous way.

Question 30

What is accent?

Answer 30

(fallacy of ambiguity)
When equivocation is caused by a change in emphasis on a word or phrase.
examples: quoting something out of context, two different meanings to the same word

Question 31

What is a fallacy of composition?

Answer 31

(fallacy of ambiguity)
When you apply an attribute of something’s parts to a whole.
There are two types.

Question 32

What is fallacy of division?

Answer 32

When you apply attributes of a whole to its parts.
(fallacy of ambiguity)