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microbiology > Fall sesh. midterm > Flashcards

Fall sesh. midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the first postulate of Koch?

A
  1. The suspected pathogen must be present in all case of the disease, and absent from all healthy animals.
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2
Q

What is Koch’s second postulate?

A

The suspected pathogen must grow in pure culture

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3
Q

What is Kochs’ third postulate?

A

Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in healthy animals

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4
Q

what is the fourth postulate?

A

The suspected pathogen must be re isolated and shown to be the same as the original.

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5
Q

metabolism

A

the take up of nutrients from the environment and transform them into new cell material and waste products.

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6
Q

growth

A

to increase in cell number from cell division

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7
Q

evolution

A

descent with modification

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8
Q

motility

A

self propulsion, allows cells to move away from danger or unfavorable conditions and to exploit new resources or opportunities

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9
Q

differentiation

A

modified cells for specialized growth, dispersal, survival, in general function

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10
Q

cells can be viewed as?

A

biochemical catalysts, carrying out the chemical reactions that constitute metabolism

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11
Q

what are properties of all cells?

A

compartmentalization and metabolism, growth,, evolution,

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12
Q

what are properties present in particular cells

A

motility, differentiation, communication

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13
Q

how do cells function genetically?

A

the cell replicates DNA and then processes it to form the RNAs and proteins needed for maintenance and growth under good conditions,

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14
Q

What two main events make up the DNA process?

A

The production of RNAs(transcription) and the production of proteins(translation)

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15
Q

Why are the genetic and catalytic functions of a microbial cell important?

A

cells coordinate their catalytic and genetic functions to support cell growth

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16
Q

what is a population?

A

a group of cells derived from a single parental cell by successive cell divisions

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17
Q

what is the definition of an ecosystem?

A

all the living organisms, together with the physical and chemical components of the environment.

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18
Q

what are some examples of ecosystems?

A

aquatic- oceans, ponds, lakes, streams, ice/hot springs, and terrestrial, soils, surface and deep, and plants and animals could also be ecosystems.

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19
Q

What are key molecular processes in cells?

A

Replication, transcription, and translation

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20
Q

what is LUCA? What major lineages arose from LUCA?

A

last universal common ancestor, and bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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21
Q

How old is earth? when did the first cellular forms appear?

A

4.6 billion years old, at 3.8 billion years

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22
Q

how do we reconstruct the sequence of organisms that appeared on Earth?

A

scientists can reconstruct evolutionary transitions by using biomarkers, specific molecules that are unique to particular groups in present day microorganisms.

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23
Q

who developed sterilization?

A

Pastuer

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24
Q

what is an enrichment culture?

A

its a culture of a microorganisms isolated from natural samples using highly selective techniques of adjusting nutrient and incubation conditions to favor a particular metabolic group of organisms

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25
Q

bacterial membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer, hydrophobic(inside the membrane)/ hydrophillic,

26
Q

cytoplasmic membrane

A

also contains proteins embedded in the membrane, stabilized by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions

27
Q

what do membranes do?

A

They act as selective barriers allowing only small slightly charged molecules to pass, H20, H2S, N2,

28
Q

How do larger molecules get across the membrane?

A

they are transported across through proteins in the phospholipid bilayer

29
Q

What are the two main types of membrane proteins?

A

integral and peripheral

30
Q

What are the three types of energy sources for transport across the membrane?

A

The proton motive force (simple transport)
PEP(phosphoenolpyruvate) for group translocation
ATP for abc binding

31
Q

how is simple transport driven?

A

Its driven by the energy in the proton motive force

32
Q

How is group translocation?

A

chemical modification of the substance being transported driven by phosphoenolpyruvate

33
Q

how does the ABC transporter fueled?

A

Periplasmic binding proteins are involved and energy comes from ATP

34
Q

Uniporters

A

moves one substance across the membrane in one direction

35
Q

symporters

A

moves 2 substances at the same time in the same direction across the membrane, the first is usually the desired substance the second is usually needed to move the first across the membrane and it usually takes the 2nds concentration gradient into consideration

36
Q

Antiporters

A

1 substance goes across the membrane in one direction and the other is taken out, in the other direction.

37
Q

Simple transport

A

requires 1 membrane spanning protein and made of 12 alpha helices, and energy from a gradient goes across the membrane.

38
Q

what are some examples of simple transport/?

A 
LAC PERMEASE, ( symporter)
sulfate(symporter)
potassium (uniporter)
phosphate (symporter) 
sodium-proton (antiporter)
39
Q

group translocation

A

the substance is chemically modified and requires a set of proteins to transport the substance
common type of group translocation is the phosphotransferase system with PO4- from PEP transferred to the substance transporter

40
Q

explain phosphotransferase system

A

its used to transport glucose, fructose and mannose, they are chemically modified during transport by phosphorylation and requires a set of five proteins for transport PO4 is passed along to each protein (phosphate cascade) and final transfer is to the sugar.

41
Q

which are nonspecific proteins in group translocation?

A

Enz 1 and HPR

42
Q

Which are specific proteins in group translocation?

A

Enz 2a, 2b, 2c

43
Q

why does this work for glucose/

A

its metabolically efficient because the phosphorylated glucose is the first step in glucose metabolism

44
Q

what is the conformational change that causes the glucose to move across the membrane

A

when PO4- is transferred to Enz2c, the energy causes the conformational change that moves glucose across the membrane and phosphorylation that creates the G6P

45
Q

The ABC binding system

A

requires a substrate binding protein, an membrane transport protein, an ATP hydrolyzing protein and ATP

46
Q

what does the abc system transport:?

A

sugars, amino acids, inorganic nutrients, trace minerals, and they have high substrate specificity

47
Q

What is the first step in ABC?

A

the substrate is first bound by a periplasmic binding protein (gram neg. bac.) or by an outer cytoplasmic membrane protein (gram pos) binding proteins are specific for each substrate

48
Q

What happens after the substrate is bound?

A

it is then transferred to a membrane spanning protein

49
Q

How is it moved across the membrane?

A

energy in ATP is used to to move the substrate across the membrane unmodified and into the cytoplasm (there is no PO4- transfer)

50
Q

Cell walls

A

located outside the cytoplasm, and functions to give rigidity to the cell, counteracts osmotic effects due to high solute concentrations in the cell,

51
Q

all cell walls of bacteria are divided into ?

A

gram negative and gram positive, difference due to peptidogylcan amounts

52
Q

bacterial cell wall rigidity is due to?

A

peptidoglycan

53
Q

Gram negative

A

mutlilayered, thin peptidoglycan outside the cytoplasmic membrane , there is a periplasmic space layer has a second layer, lps lipopolysaccharide

54
Q

gram positive

A

simple and thick, outside of cell membrane is thick layer of peptidoglycan

55
Q

gram +

A

90% of wall is peptidoglycan and have teichoic acids and different crosslinkages

56
Q

gram -

A

only 5-20% is peptidoglycan, and has periplasm and LPS

57
Q

Gram - lipopolysaccharide

A

is more permeable than the Cytoplasmic membrane, and has porins, lps spanning proteins with channels in the center that allow low MW molecules to pass through

58
Q

LPS is made of ?

A

2 polysaccharides, the O-polysaccharides, and core polysaccharidesand also fatty acids, with a lipid A with a glucosamine phosphate head and there are usually proteins that anchor the LPS to the membrane

59
Q

Periplasmic space of gram negative bacteria

A

contains three enzymes hydrolytic, binding proteins, chemoreceptors
protons of the pmf are concentrated here

60
Q

cell surface functional structure

A

slime layer or capsule made of polysaccharides

for attachment to surface, or hosts, and for protection against host immune response

61
Q

cell pili and fimbriae

A

are made of protein extend from cell surface
function to attach, for gene exchange(conjugation)
motility receptors for viruses

microbiology (2 decks)

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