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Britain: 1987-1997 > fall of thatcher and rise of major > Flashcards

fall of thatcher and rise of major Flashcards

1
Q

stock market issues

A

1987 crashed following the deregulation of the City in 1986

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2
Q

lawson (chancellor) policies

A

especially 1988 budget
let to rapid expansion of the economy - ‘lawson boom’
resulted in balance of payments issue

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3
Q

inflation

A

1990 - 10.9%
higher than 1980

problem for a government that had set its key economic objective as low inflation

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4
Q

loss of eastbourne

A

tory ultra safe seat Eastbourne was lost to the Liberals in 1990 by-election

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5
Q

poll tax

A

made conservatives V unpopular

thatcher advised to drop it, but did not

poll tax riot in March 1990

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6
Q

conservative divisions

A

over Europe, economic policies and thatcher’s leadership style

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7
Q

labour party at the time

A

making a recovery under Neil Kinnock and John Smith

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8
Q

role of geoffrey howe

A

always loyal to thatcher
been in cabinet since 1979
always sidelined by thatcher

was not told about joining the ERM

resigned in 1990 over europe disputes
resignation speech designed to damage thatcher
indirectly called for her to be removed from office

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9
Q

micheal hestletine

A

europhile

very charasmatic

very popular - thatcher had to bring into government

unofficial minister for Liverpool - lots of effort into improving the city

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10
Q

nigel lawson

A

chancellor

very arrogant

tension between thatcher and lawson over Europe

thatcher appointed her own economic advisor

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11
Q

westland affair
1986

A

hestletine and thatcher public dispute

over westland helicopters - UK last helicopter manufacturer

hestletine - europe integration
thatcher - american integration

suspicion thatcher lied to HOC

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12
Q

leadership contest

A

hestletine challenged thatcher 1990

thatcher fail to win 1st ballot

thatcher persuaded to withdraw from 2nd round

announced her resignation 22nd nov

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13
Q

thatcher legacy

A

affected development of labour party - new labour

housing boom in south

economic policies consequence took place

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14
Q

view on thatcher

A

major was a thatcherite

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15
Q

previous positions

A

held many ministerial positions

BUT did not hold them long enough to make a lasting impressions

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16
Q

party divisions under major

A

he wanted to unify the party

ongoing hostility to hestletine

people wanted to take revenge against people who had ‘betrayed maggie’

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17
Q

major and foreign affairs

A

successful conclusion of 1st gulf war in 1991

wanted to see britain at the ‘heart of europe’

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18
Q

poll tax

A

scrapping the tax would divide the party

1991 abandoned for new council tax

allowed major to get away from an unpopular policy

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19
Q

opinion polls 1992

A

conservative - 29%
labour - 41%

swung back to conservatives at the end of the campaign

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20
Q

attitudes in 1992 campaign

A

conservative - upbeat and optomistic
labour - overly confident

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21
Q

labour position 1992

A

inability to win an election

too divided and lacked government experience

experience of 80s still too strong

had not reformed enough

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22
Q

conservative positon 1992

A

good campaign

major had a lot of respect for his old fashioned ‘soap box’ politics

still seen as the party that could get the country out of mess

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23
Q

major inherited economic problems

A

declining manufacturing output
high interest rates
steep rise in unemployment
slump in house prices

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24
Q

unemployement 1991-1992

A

rose from 1.6 mill to 2.6 mill

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25
Q

negatuve equity

A

affected homeowners
having to repay mortages that were higher than the current value of their homes

many had homes reposessed

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26
Q

major’s high public spending

A

election imminent

half of this spending was forced
due to rising unemployment

used for subsides on transport and increased NHS spending

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27
Q

ERM

A

exchange rate mechanism
set up to stablise exchange rayes between different EU countries

28
Q

Britain exit from ERM

A

british currency under pressure from sept 1992

wanted to avoid devaluation so wanted to remain within ERM

pound continued to sink

Lamont announced decision to leave ERM on live TV 19th sept 1992

29
Q

consequences of leaving ERM

A

economic - britain economy stablised
political - disasterious for conservatives, not seen as party of economics anymore

30
Q

economy post black wednesday

A

prevented britain from having to keep high interest rates to protect sterling

exchange rates decreased, good for british exports

31
Q

germany economy at the time

A

suffering costs of reunification and had sluggish growth rates compared to britian

32
Q

consumer spending

A

increased

car ownserhip went up

house prices rose

33
Q

sex scandals

A

over 12 involving MPs having extramarital affairs
EG. David Mellor

34
Q

scott enquiry

A

1994 major set up to investigate illegal arms dealing

proved that government ministers had broken the rules

they were enabling Matrix Churchill to supply arms to iraqc

35
Q

cash for questions

A

Tory MPs accused of accepting money in return for lobbying in parliament

on behalf of harrods owner Mohammed Al Fayed

36
Q

role of newspapers

A

such as private eye, guardian and tv show ‘spitting image’ mocked major

37
Q

privatisation

A

coal industry - 1994

railways - 1996

set to privatise Post Office but had too much opposition

38
Q

Private Finance Initiative (PFI)

A

public-private partenerships meant private companies would fund infrastructure improvements and deliver public services so that the state would pay for over the length of the contract

39
Q

Citizens Charter

A

1991

increase competition and privatisation in public sector to improve standards

brought free market into the public sector

EG. education more testing and ranking - brought in ofsted

40
Q

pit closures

A

continued

in 1991, Hesteltine announced closures of 31 pits

some in Nottinghamshire - poor reward from conservatives as it was nottinghamshire miners who stood against Scargill

41
Q

BSE crisis

A

‘mad cow disease’

threat to health in 1996

led to british beef being banned in europe

42
Q

significance of major’s policies

A

none appeared to be big enough to undermine a government reputation

helped to cement an image of incompetence

43
Q

thatcher’s policies

A

did not change in the final years of her administration

44
Q

what did the government ban?

A

organisations which were believed to to support terrorist activites from broadcasting in britain

45
Q

‘shoot to kill’ policy

A

accusations of this after 3 IRA members were killed by the SAS in gibraltar in 1988

46
Q

guildford four

A

jailed in 1975 for life

bombing of 2 guildford pubs in which 5 people died

verdict overturned in 1989

47
Q

birmingham six

A

jailed in 1975 for life

bombing of 2 birmingham pubs in which 21 people died

verdict overturned in 1991

48
Q

secret messages

A

1991

government recieved secret messages hinting that sinn fein was ready to disguss a peace agreement

49
Q

unionist view

A

fearful of being ‘sold out by the british’

50
Q

republican view

A

deep-rooted hostility to the british

51
Q

clinton involvement

A

made a constructive contribution, encouraging sinn fein away from armed struggle

52
Q

downing street declaration

A

brought moderates together to isolate radicals

decided a new form of NI government

new NI government would respect all traditions

british accepted irish unity was an issue for irish people, but was only possible with consent of the north

forum for peace and reconciliation set up to promote trust and understanding

53
Q

issue with irish constitution

A

does not recognise NI as independent, therefore would have to change its constitution

54
Q

IRA ceasefire

A

announced in 1994

loyalist paramilitaries matched this with a ceasefire of their own

55
Q

ulster unionists and decommissioning

A

refused to negotiate before decommissioning

56
Q

bomb attacks

A

1999

damaged financial district of canary wharf

destroyed centre of manchester

57
Q

professor alan walters

A

thatcher’s economic advisor

infuriated her chancellor - nigel lawson

58
Q

geoffrey howe

A

alienated

thatcher moved him from the Foreign Office to a lesser post

59
Q

thatcher’s leadership

A

caused many divisions

howe’s resignation speech complained that thatcher undermined her ministers over europe

60
Q

divisions in 1992

A

despite major’s attempts to unify failed

despite election success, divisions worsened

61
Q

right wingers

A

pushed for more radical social policies

those with leadership ambitions saw a chance to advance their claims

euroscpetics saw an opening to push out the EU

62
Q

press speculation

A

continued about possible challengers for the leadership

micheal portillo and john redwood often mentioned

right wing press often called for leader replacement

63
Q

1995 leadership election

A

major felt very insecure

called leadership election

wanted to be relected to gain confidencei

64
Q

john redwood in leadership election

A

main challenger to major

backed by thatcherites and eurosceptics

65
Q

hestletine in leadership election

A

before the ballot, major met with heseltine and agreed to make him deputy PM

hesteltine then made it very clear everyone knew he voted for major

66
Q

results

A

major won 218 to 89

attitude of press remained hostile to major

67
Q

thatcher’s comments

A

encouraged eurosceptic rebels demanding a referendum

her memoirs were lukewarm about major

gave support to redwood

gave support to blair in 1997

Britain: 1987-1997 (4 decks)

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