Fall of race concept Flashcards
Merging of natural selection with genetics
Synthetic theory of evolution
Bridging microevolution and macroevolution
The modern synthesis
Populations
Interbreeding groups of individuals
Theodosius Dobzhansky
Ernst Mayr
George Gaylord Simpson
The modern synthesis (30s and 40s)
A turn away from typology towards “population thinking”
Post-World War II shift: physical anthropology
Typological or essentialist perspective
Post-World War II shift: allele frequencies within and between populations
Reflection of environmental factors experienced during growth and development
Human developmental plasticity
Recognition of “plasticity” of humans
Franz Boas’s immigrant studies (1912)
Changes in phenotype that occur over generational time
Secular trends
Variation typically continuous in most traits of interest to those studying race
Clinal distribution
Different traits lead to different groupings
Nonconcordance
Human classifications based on different criteria are
nonconcordant
Distantly related populations are similar for certain traits if they evolved under the same selective pressure (not indicative of genetic distance)
Problem of evolutionary convergence
Humans genetically extremely ________
homogeneous
Humans differ on average at only one out of ever _ to _ nucleotides
500 - 1000
Low levels of genetic variability relative to ___ ____
Pan troglodytes
Most variation ____ populations
within
Lewontin 1972 (based on ___ ___ and ____ ___) and numerous other studies using classical markers and DNA sequencing (ex ____/___)
Blood groups and other proteins
insertion/deletion
_% of variation between “races” (ex large continental groups
10
_% of variation between populations within regions
5
_% of variation within populations
85
High gene flow between geographically close populations
Isolation by distance
Washburn and others argue that _______ are the basic unit of human diversity and adaptation
populations
Livingstone: “on the non-existence of human races”(1962)
Suggests focus on the geographical variation in single traits (____ ____)
This focuses on ______ dimensions of human variation
Clinal variation
Adaptive
Montague and Livingstone: we can make our race problem go away by not calling a race a race, but by calling it an ____ _____.
Ethnic group
A group of people who share some biological or anatomical characteristics
Race
A group of people who shares a particular culture
Ethnic group
___ ____ categories have important effects on biology
Social race
