Fall of race concept

Question 1

Merging of natural selection with genetics

Answer 1

Synthetic theory of evolution

Question 2

Bridging microevolution and macroevolution

Answer 2

The modern synthesis

Question 3

Populations

Answer 3

Interbreeding groups of individuals

Question 4

Theodosius Dobzhansky
Ernst Mayr
George Gaylord Simpson

Answer 4

The modern synthesis (30s and 40s)

Question 5

A turn away from typology towards “population thinking”

Answer 5

Post-World War II shift: physical anthropology

Question 6

Typological or essentialist perspective

Answer 6

Post-World War II shift: allele frequencies within and between populations

Question 7

Reflection of environmental factors experienced during growth and development

Answer 7

Human developmental plasticity

Question 8

Recognition of “plasticity” of humans

Answer 8

Franz Boas’s immigrant studies (1912)

Question 9

Changes in phenotype that occur over generational time

Answer 9

Secular trends

Question 10

Variation typically continuous in most traits of interest to those studying race

Answer 10

Clinal distribution

Question 11

Different traits lead to different groupings

Answer 11

Nonconcordance

Question 12

Human classifications based on different criteria are

Answer 12

nonconcordant

Question 13

Distantly related populations are similar for certain traits if they evolved under the same selective pressure (not indicative of genetic distance)

Answer 13

Problem of evolutionary convergence

Question 14

Humans genetically extremely ________

Answer 14

homogeneous

Question 15

Humans differ on average at only one out of ever _ to _ nucleotides

Answer 15

500 - 1000

Question 16

Low levels of genetic variability relative to ___ ____

Answer 16

Pan troglodytes

Question 17

Most variation ____ populations

Answer 17

within

Question 18

Lewontin 1972 (based on ___ ___ and ____ ___) and numerous other studies using classical markers and DNA sequencing (ex ____/___)

Answer 18

Blood groups and other proteins

insertion/deletion

Question 19

_% of variation between “races” (ex large continental groups

Answer 19

10

Question 20

_% of variation between populations within regions

Answer 20

5

Question 21

_% of variation within populations

Answer 21

85

Question 22

High gene flow between geographically close populations

Answer 22

Isolation by distance

Question 23

Washburn and others argue that _______ are the basic unit of human diversity and adaptation

Answer 23

populations

Question 24

Livingstone: “on the non-existence of human races”(1962)

Suggests focus on the geographical variation in single traits (____ ____)

This focuses on ______ dimensions of human variation

Answer 24

Clinal variation

Adaptive

Question 25

Montague and Livingstone: we can make our race problem go away by not calling a race a race, but by calling it an ____ _____.

Answer 25

Ethnic group

Question 26

A group of people who share some biological or anatomical characteristics

Answer 26

Race

Question 27

A group of people who shares a particular culture

Answer 27

Ethnic group

Question 28

___ ____ categories have important effects on biology

Answer 28

Social race