Fall Lab Exam 1 Flashcards
What is the formula for ‘magnification’ ?
(Size of drawing/size of object)
- all in mm
On the blank diagram, label all the parts of the compound microscope and briefly describe its function. (Hint: there are 11 parts to label).
Oculars: eyepiece
Focusing knob: coarse/fin adjustment
Condenser adjustment: keep condenser at highest point
Objectives: 4x,10x, 40x and 100x). Oil immersion is at 100x.
Condenser: focuses light on the subject
Diaphragm: controls amount of light of condenser and controls depth of field.
Eyepiece adjustment: used to bring both eyes into sharp focus
Coaxial drive: moves the mechanical stage in 2 directions
Mechanical stage: can be moved by the coaxial drive control
Rheostat: brightness control
Light source
Structures within the cell are called ________.
Organelles
Chromosome vs chromatin?
- Chromatin: individual strands that carry DNA and proteins that form chromosomes
- Imagine DNA as a library’s worth of knowledge, way too hefty to hold at once. Chromatin is like the carefully organised bookshelves, compacting DNA and proteins into manageable strands. These strands then spiral further to form individual chromosomes, the sturdy “packages” of genetic information passed down during cell division, like numbered binders storing specific volumes of the library.
Define longitudinal
Think “long” and “tall”- cut straight down the middle - right and left cut
Define frontal, also known as _______
- Coronal
- back and front cut
What is a parasagittal cut?
- a cut that is longitudinal but off centre
What is a transverse plane?
- a horizontal cut; up down
What is an oblique plane?
- a cut that is at any angle other than 90 degrees
Ipsilateral
- on the same side of structure
Contralateral
- on opposite sides of structure
Anterior or ______
- ventral
- towards the front
Posterior or ________
- dorsal
- towards the back or the back
Superior
- above or “the top”
Inferior
- below or “bottom of”
Medial
- near the centre of
Lateral
- away from the midline, towards the outside
Lateral
- away from the midline, towards the outside
Proximal
- towards the trunk of body
Distal
- away from the trunk
Superficial
- closer to the surface
Deep
- away from the surface of the body
Parietal
- lines outer membrane
Visceral
- in the inner membrane
Abdominal
- stomach; between the thoracic and pelvic regions
Trunk
- main part of body where most of the organs are found
Auxiliary
- part of the body under the shoulder where the arms and shoulder connect
Oral
- in the mouth
Optic
- the eyes
Cranial
- related to bone that covers the brain
Lumbar
- lower part of the spinal column
Pubic
- lower and anterior part of hip bone
Thoracic
- chest cavity/area
Abdominopelvic
- the abdominal and pelvic regions of the body
Cranial
- part of the skull that houses the brain
Pleural cavity
- where the lungs reside
Pleural cavity
- where the lungs reside
Pericardial
- cavity where the heart is
Hypotonic or __________ is
- hyposomatic
- when there is a higher concentration inside the cell than outside
What are tissues?
- groups of similar cells that work together to perform specific functions
1 layer is called _____ and 2 or more is _______
- simple
- stratified
Name and draw the 8 connective tissue types
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
- elastic
- dense regular
- hyaline cartilage
- compact bone
- vascular blood
Draw and name the 7 epithelial tissue types
- simple squamous
- simple cuboid
- simple columnar (w/ brush border)
- simple columnar (w/ cilia)
- stratified squamous
- transitional
- pseudostrafied columnar (w/ cilia)
What are the 4 blood groups?
- A
- B
- AB
- O
Draw out the ‘receiver’ and ‘donor’ blood chart
What are blood antigens?
- are substances on the surface of red blood cells that work as an immune receptors. They help determine your blood type, like A, B, AB, or O.
What are antibodies?
- antibodies are proteins made by your immune system to help fight off germs like viruses and bacteria
- blood antibodies are specific proteins found in your blood that help your immune system identify and fight off foreign invaders, like germs or viruses
What is blood typing?
- the process of determining an individual’s blood group based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells. The most common blood typing systems are the ABO system and the Rh factor:
ABO System: This classifies blood into four groups:
Type A: Has A antigens.
Type B: Has B antigens.
Type AB: Has both A and B antigens.
Type O: Has neither A nor B antigens.
Rh Factor: This indicates the presence (+) or absence (-) of the Rh antigen (often referred to as the D antigen). For example, someone with A blood that has the Rh factor would be typed as A+.
Knowing your blood type is important for safe blood transfusions, organ transplants, and pregnancy, as incompatible blood types can lead to serious health issues.
What is an Rh factor?
- this indicates the presence (+) or absence (-) of the Rh antigen (often referred to as the D antigen). For example, someone with A blood that has the Rh factor would be typed as A+
What is a differential count?
- laboratory test that measures the different types of white blood cells (WBCs) in a blood sample
What is an absolute differential count? What’s the formula to calculate this?
Count that generated the value of each white blood cell.
Define a haemocytometer.
- a specialized microscope slide used to count blood cells
Define a haemocytometer.
- a specialized microscope slide used to count cells such as blood. It has a grid pattern etched into its surface, allowing for accurate counting of cells within a specific volume
Solute vs solution?
- solute: A solute is a substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution
- solution: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of a solute and a solvent. It consists of the solute dissolved in the solvent
Define selectively permeable
- refers to a property of cellular membranes that allows certain substances to pass through while restricting others. This selective permeability is crucial for maintaining the cell’s internal environment, enabling it to control the movement of ions, nutrients, and waste products
What is differential permeable?
- permeable membrane also allows some substances to pass while restricting others, but it highlights the varying degrees of permeability. Some substances may pass freely, while others may require special mechanisms.
- focus: emphasizes the varying rates and degrees of permeability
What is differential permeable?
- permeable membrane also allows some substances to pass while restricting others, but it highlights the varying degrees of permeability. Some substances may pass freely, while others may require special mechanisms.
- focus: emphasizes the varying rates and degrees of permeability
Define concentration gradient
- difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas
Define osmosis
- movement of water from low concentration to high concentration
Define diffusion
- movement from high concentration to low concentration
Define polarity
- how electrical charge is distributed in a molecule.
Define polar molecules
- have uneven charge distribution, meaning one part is slightly positive and another part is slightly negative
Define non-polar molecules
- have an even charge distribution, so they don’t have distinct positive or negative areas
Lab B - Diffusion and Osmosis
Part a)
- starch solution turned light yellow to dark
- iodine mixed w/ starch which is why the sol’t turned dark
- membrane is showing differential permeability based on the size of the starch molecules
Lab B - Diffusion and Osmosis
Part b)
- oxygen gas is not diffused out of the cell bc it is non-polar
- membrane was selectively permeable
- “pinkish fluid” that ended up harder w/ bubbles/gas showing
Lab B - Diffusion and Osmosis
Part c)
- all model cells, except Model 5, increased in mass bc it went to a place of higher concentration to lower
What is keratinized epithelial tissue?
- type of tissue that produce keratin
What is the function of keratin?
- protect underlying tissue
- barrier that reduces water loss
- produces structure that provides strength
What is ciliated tissue?
- tissue has tiny hair-like structure that’s role is to move substances
- can be found in respiratory tract (nasal cavity), fallopian tubes
Draw and define are microvilli
- non-“pine-like” small hairs that’s main function is to increase the surface area by absorption and secretion
Draw and define cilia
- long, hair-like structure that’s main function is to movement substances
What is the common function of endothelium?
- selective barrier
- regulation of blood flow
- inflammation response
Where are epithelial tissue found?
-lung
- kidneys
- intestines
- trachea
- esophagus
- urinary bladder
- inner cheeks
What is epithelial tissue?
- thin layer of tissue that’s functions include:
protection, secretion, absorption, etc.
Why is blood considered a connective tissue?
- it works with other tissues and is fluid
Why is blood considered a connective tissue?
What are the 4 types of connective tissues?
- connective tissue proper
- cartilage
- bone
- vascular connective tissue
What are the 3 types of connective tissue proper?
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
What are the 2 types of dense connective tissue?
- elastic connective tissue
- dense regular connective tisssue
What is a haematocrit, also known as __________?
- packed call volume (PCV)
- a way to measure the amount of RBC in blood
How to calculate the PCV?
RBC- red
RBC, buffy coat and plasma
RBC (divided by) RBC, buffy coat, plasma
How do you find the PCV using a hematocrit?
What is another word for haematocrit and its definition?
- RBC (red blood cell)
- the measure of carrying oxygen from the lungs to different body tissues
What is the normal range of red blood cells for women?
37%-47%
Avg. = 42%
What is the range of red blood cell count in men?
40% - 54%
Average = 47%
What is used to count RBC’s?
- a haemocytometer
Define and draw neutrophils. What are the accepted ranges to have in the body?
- a type of white blood cell used to help prevent infections
- 55%-70%
Define and draw lymphocytes. What are the accepted ranges to have in the body?
- responsible for immunity
- 20%-30%
Define and draw monocytes. What are the accepted ranges to have in the body?
- white blood cell that helps body fighter germs and bacteria
- 3%-8%
Define and draw eosinophils. What are the accepted ranges to have in the body?
- white blood cells used to protect body
- 1%-4%
Define and draw basophils. What are the accepted ranges to have in the body?
- white blood cells that work for body immunity
- 0.5%-1%
Know the table on pages D7 in anatomy lab booklet
What are the white blood cell types?
- neutrophils
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- lymphocytes
- basophils
Red blood cells are also known as _________
- erythrocytes
Rheostat?
- device used to control the current
Define depth of field
- depth in which object is in focus
Define osmosis
- the movement of water from an area of high concentration to lower concentration
What is a differential white blood cell count
- count that generates the absolute value of each white blood cell
What type of cells did you scrape and mount?
- cheek cells, epithelial
Why did we stain the cheek cells?
- to see the nucleus
What type of stain was used on the inner cheek cells?
- methylene blue
Name the 4 tissue types and where they can be found in the body
- nervous tissue; in spinal cord
- epithelial tissue; inside mouth in cheeks
- muscular tissue; smooth muscle in bowels
- connective tissue; the heart
Why is stratified epithelium found in areas where there is significant mechanical stress?
- bc it is multilayered thus making it more resistant
Solution A,B OR C is HYPO OR HYPER to solution A, B OR C
- solution b, solution a
What happens if a cell is placed in a hypertonic or ________ solution?
- hypersomatic
- the cell will release water and shrink
What happens if a cell is placed in a isosomatic or ________ solution?
- isotonic
- nothing bc the concentration is the same outside and inside
What happens to a cell when it is placed in a hypotonic or _______ solution?
- hyposomatic
- the cell will absorb and increase in size
