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Fall final exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Steps to the scientific method

A

observation, ask a question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment,analyze, fail to reject the hypothesis or reject the hypothesis, report results

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2
Q

science that seeks to expand knowledge and understanding regardless of the short term application of that knowledge.

A

basic science

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3
Q

form of science that aimds to solce real world problems

A

applied science

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4
Q

atomic mass

A

number of protons and neutrons

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5
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons

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6
Q

electrons are shared

A

covalent bonds

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7
Q

covalent bonds in which there is equal sharing of the electrons

A

non polar bonds

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8
Q

covalent bonds in which there is unequal sharing of the electrons

A

polar bonds

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9
Q

atoms give up or gain electrons NOT sharing electrons

A

ionic bonds

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10
Q

interactions between the partial negative and partial positive of a more electronegative atom on another molecule

A

hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

weak attractions or interactions between two or more molecules in close proximity due to changes un electron density

A

vanderwaals interactions

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12
Q

describe the four properties of water

A

water expands, water moderates temperature, water os cohesive, water is a good solvent

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13
Q

the construction of complex chemical compounds from simpler ones

A

molecular synthesis

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14
Q

monomers are linked to form a polymer water leaves and a bond is built

A

dehydration synthesis

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15
Q

the process of breaking polymers down into individual monomers. adds water to break a bond

A

hydrolysis

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16
Q

what is the role of carbohydrates in plants

A

starch is the energy storage polysaccharide in plants

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17
Q

what is the role of carbohydrates in animals

A

glycogen is the energy storage polysaccharide of animals

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18
Q

what is the role of carbohydrates

A

provide energy to the body in form of glucose

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19
Q

provides support for the plant cell wall

A

cellulose

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20
Q

creates the hard exoskeleton of arthropods

A

chitin

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21
Q

alpha bond

A

energy

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22
Q

beta bond

A

structure

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23
Q

describe the major types of lipids

A

fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids

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24
Q

explain the role of fats in storing energy

A

contains two main components glycerol and fatty acids. triacyglycerol are formed by joining three fatty acids to a gylcerol backbone. dehydration synthesis attaches glycerol to the fatty acids via an ester linkage. three molecules of water are released in this reaction

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25
Q

contain no carom-carbon double bonds in the carbon backbone; packed tightly and exist as solids at room tempurature

A

saturated fatty acids

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26
Q

contain no carbon-carbon double bonds in the carbon backbone; packed tightly and exist as solids at room temperature

A

saturated fatty acids

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27
Q

contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the carbon chain backbone; usually liquid at room temp do not pack tightly

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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28
Q

what is the structure of a phospholipid

A

2 fatty acid tails, glycerol, and a phosphate head

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29
Q

do the phosphate heads of a phospholipid face toward or away from the water?

A

towards they are hydrophilic heads

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30
Q

which way do the tails of a phospholipid face?

A

away they are hydrophobic

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31
Q

what is the roll of phospholipids in cells

A

major constituents of the plasma membrane.

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32
Q

what is the basic structure of a steroid

A

closed ring structure: four linked carbons, hydrophobic

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33
Q

what is the most common steroid

A

cholesterol

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34
Q

what is a steroid’s main function

A

alter membrane fluidity

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35
Q

explain how cholesterol helps maintain the plasma membrane fluidity

A

maintains fluidity in plasma membrane at high and low temperatures

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36
Q

what are the functions proteins perform in the cell and in tissues

A

regulatory, structural, protective, transport, enzymes, and toxins

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37
Q

what is the relationship between amino acids and proteins

A

the sequence of amino acids determine protein shape, size, and function

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38
Q

unique sequence of amino acids (beads on a string)

A

primary structure

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39
Q

local folding of the polypeptide (makes either an alpha helix of a beta pleated sheet)

A

secondary structure

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40
Q

unique 3D structure determined by interactions among r groups of a single chain

A

tertiary structure

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41
Q

interactions between R groups of multiple polypeptide chains

A

quarternary structure

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42
Q

describe the structure of a nucleic acid

A

nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.

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43
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acids

A

RNA and DNA

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44
Q

explain DNA structure and role

A

DNA forms a double helix, strands are antiparallel and held together by hydrogen bonding, sugar, and phosphate backbone. The role is to carry genetic info

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45
Q

explain RNA structure and role

A

single stranded, some base pairing can occur through folding. Involved in protein synthesis

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46
Q

DNA in nucleoid in cytoplasm
no membrane-bound organelles
small

A

prokaryotic cells

47
Q

DNA surrounded by membrane nucleus
membrane-bound organelles
larger

A

Eukaryotic cells

48
Q

these cells have centrosome and lysosomes

A

animal cells

49
Q

these cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, a large central vacuole, and food vacuole

A

plant cells

50
Q

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. semipermeable meaning not everything can go through it. decides what goes into and out of the cell.

A

plasma membrane

51
Q

genetic information; assembly of ribosome subunits; structural support

A

nucleus

52
Q

where protein synthesis takes place

A

ribosomes

53
Q

protein synthesis and processing

A

rough ER

54
Q

protein processing

A

Golgi apparatus

55
Q

lipid synthesis

A

smooth ER

56
Q

digestion and recycling

A

lysosomes

57
Q

oxidation of fatty acids, ethanol, or other compounds

A

peroxisomes

58
Q

varies-coloration, storage of oils, carbs, water, or toxins

A

vacuoles

59
Q

ATP production

A

mitochondria

60
Q

production of ATP and sugars via photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

61
Q

structural support; movement of materials ; in some species; movement of whole cell

A

cytoskeleton

62
Q

protection, structural support

A

cell wall

63
Q

summarize the differences among the components of prokaryotic cells, animal cells, and plant cells

A

prokaryotic are unicellular, plant cell walls and chloroplasts, animals do not

64
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

fluid: phospholipid mosaic: proteins

65
Q

penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer

A

integral proteins

66
Q

spans lipid bilayer completely

A

transmembrane proteins

67
Q

are loosely bound to the surface of the membrane

A

peripheral proteins

68
Q

function to cell-cell recognition and attachment in mebranes

A

carbohydrates

69
Q

movement of phospholipids and proteins; movement of molecules in the membrane

A

membrane fluidity

70
Q

occurs through diffusion. two types, faciliated and simple. movement is with the concentration gradient. NO ENERGY

A

passive trasnport

71
Q

the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane often uses protein channels.

A

osmosis

72
Q

describe the movement of water

A

moves from low solute to high solute
moves from high H2O concentration to one of low H2O concentration

73
Q

active transport that moves ions or small molecules across a membrane and may create a difference in charge across that membrane

A

primary active trasnport

74
Q

movement of material that results from primary active transport to the electrochemical gradient

A

secondary active transport

75
Q

type of active transport that moves substances, including fluid and particles into a cell

A

endocytosis

76
Q

cell membrane surrounds a large particle and engulfs it (CELL EATING)

A

phagocytosis

77
Q

cell membrane invaginates surrounding a small volume of fluid and pinches off (CELL DRINKING)

A

pinocytosis

78
Q

cell’s uptake of substances targets a specific type; a substance that binds to the receptors. on the cell membrane’s external surface. brings a specific molecule that binds to the receptor.

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

79
Q

process of passing bulk material out of the cell

A

exocytosis

80
Q

begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product; each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

A

metabolic pathways

81
Q

break down macromolecules into simple component parts releasing energy in the process

A

catabolic pathways

82
Q

build macromolecules by combining simpler molecules using energy in the process

A

anabolic pathways

83
Q

energy associated with motion

A

kinetic energy

84
Q

energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

A

potential energy

85
Q

Gibbs free energy is the useable energy, or energy that is available to do work

A

free energy

86
Q

the energy necessary for reactions to occur

A

activation energy

87
Q

absorb free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous; change of G is positive

A

endergonic reaction

88
Q

proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous; change of G is negative

A

exergonic reaction

89
Q

energy can be neither be created nor destroyed, but can be transferred and transformed; the energy of the universe is constant

A

first law of thermodynamics

90
Q

every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe; with each chemical reaction, some energy is lost in a form that is unusable, such as heat energy.

A

the second law of thermodynamics

91
Q

describe how energy releases through ATP hydrolysis

A

a phosphate group is removed so energy is released
ATP+H20 -> ADP + Pi+ free energy

92
Q

explain how enzymes functions as molecular catylysts

A

they speed up reactions by lower the activation rate

93
Q

how enzymes interact with a substrate

A

the substrate binds to the enzyme on the active site
enzyme are very specific for the reactions they catalyze

94
Q

how does induced fit influence the transition site

A

induced fit -> enzyme binds tightly to a substrate
makes enzyme and substrate unstable -> transition state

95
Q

discuss the importance of electrons in the transfer of energy in living systems

A

the transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules

96
Q

series of energy-releasing steps instead of one explosive reaction; a chemical reaction that consists of the coupling of an oxidation reaction and a reduction reaction

A

redox reaction

97
Q

muscle contractions, chromosomal division, cilia movement

A

mechanical work

98
Q

pumping substances across membranes

A

transport work

99
Q

Pushing endergonic reactions forward

A

chemical work

100
Q

muscle contractions, chromosomal division, cilia movement

A

mechanical work

101
Q

partial breakdown of sugar without O2

A

fermentation

102
Q

consumes organic molecules and O2 to produce ATP

A

aerobic respiration

103
Q

like aerobics but does not use O2

A

anaerobic respiration

104
Q

turn sugar into energy/ATP

A

cellular respiration

105
Q

an unstable molecule that will hydrolyze quickly if it is not coupled with an endergonic reaction this energy is lost as heat

A

ATP

106
Q

a substance loses electrons

A

oxidation

107
Q

a substance gains electrons

A

reduction

108
Q

the stage a cell is in the longest. contains G1,G2, and S phase

A

interphase

109
Q

the cell is growing

A

G1 phase

110
Q

synthesis phase the DNA duplicates

A

S phase

111
Q

the cell continues to grow more

A

G2 phase

112
Q

if tumor invades surrounding tissue

A

malignant

113
Q

if the cancer detaches from the initial tumor site

A

metastic

114
Q

if the tumor has no effect on the surrounding tissue (non cancerous)

A

benign

Biology (2 decks)

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