FALL EXAM REVIEW

Question 1

What does a study need in order to be considered an experiment? (3)

Answer 1

• Random assignment of participants
• Independent variable to be manipulated
• Hypothesis much be answered

Question 2

How can confounds be prevented?(4)

Answer 2

• Include random assignment
• Participants are unaware (Naive of conditions)
• Consistent replicated conditions
• Replicate the study to ensure the results

Question 3

What is an independent variable

Answer 3

The variable in the study that is being manipulated

Question 4

What is an dependent Variable?

Answer 4

The outcome/results of the manipulated variable which is measured

Question 5

What is a confound variable?

Answer 5

Any other thing/situation that can influence the study that is NOT accounted for.

Question 6

What is a p-value?

Answer 6

A measurement that determines whether or not the outcome of the experiement happened by chance

Question 7

What is the significance of a small p-value?

Answer 7

Holds strong evidence against the Null Hypothesis

Question 8

What is an operational definition?

Answer 8

A strong and specific definition that is used within a study

Question 9

Name 4 ethical guidelines which psychologists must follow.

Answer 9

• Informed consent
• Confidentiality
• Benefits > Risks
• Deception (debrief)

Question 10

What is the difference between everyday reasoning and scientific reasoning?

Answer 10

Everyday Reasoning is based on our own experiences
Scientific reasoning is based on systematic experiences and is tested.

Question 11

Define Falsifiability

Answer 11

A scientific claim with the ability to be tested and proven wrong

Question 12

Define systematic testing

Answer 12

Testing multiple approaches, and disproving the ones found false

Question 13

How does random sampling generalize to a population? (3)

Answer 13

• Ensures that all memberts of the population have an equal chance of being selected
• Enhances ability to make a general conclusion
• Reduces sampling bias

Question 14

How does random assignment play a role in cause and effect conclusions?(2)

Answer 14

• Assigns participants to groups randomly and has an equal chance of being selected
• It helps establish cause-and-effect and controls confounds

Question 15

List limitations of the traditional labratory experiment (4)

Answer 15

• Focus on controlled settings instead of real-world situations
• May not apply to real life situations
• Showcase what can happen not what does really happen
• The findings might not generalize well to outside the lab

Question 16

Name the methods that exist for conducting psyc. research in the realworld

Answer 16

• Experience sampling
• Diary Method
• Observational Studies

Question 17

What is a correlational design?

Answer 17

Looks at the relationships between variables

Question 18

What is an experiemental design?