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ECG > Fall ECG > Flashcards

Fall ECG Flashcards

0
Q

Describe the little block method of calculating heart rate.

A

Count the little blocks between consecutive qRS complexes, then divide 1500 by that number. e.g. 15 little blocks =
1500/15=100bpm

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1
Q

Explain the “memory” method of calculating heart rate

A

Count the number of big blocks between QRS complexes then apply to memorized chart:

1: 300
2: 150
3: 100
4: 75
5: 60
6: 50
7: 43
8: 37
9: 33
10: 30

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2
Q

Describe the 6second strip method of calculating heart rate.

A

Count the # of QRS complexes in a 6 sec strip then multiply by 10

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3
Q

Describe the Bi-polar leads

A

3 Bi-polar leads (limb leads)(positive and negative pole make up lead)
Lead I: right arm (-) to left arm (+)
Lead II: right arm (-) to left leg (+)
Lead III: left arm (-) to left leg (+)

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4
Q

Explain and list augmented (unipolar) leads

A

Augmented leads are made up of a single (+) electrode, and are augmented (amplified) as the signal is rather weak.
aVR: right arm (+)
aVL: left arm (+)
aVF: left foot (+)

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5
Q

Describe and define percordial leads

A

Commonly known as “chest leads” they are 6 additional electrodes which give 6 additional leads (pictures) of the heart on a horizontal plane. They are named numerically: V1 through V6

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6
Q

What is the most common lead for continuous monitoring? Why?

A

Lead II. It is best positioned (below the heart looking up at it) to measure the electrical activity of the heart in the direction it is traveling.

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7
Q

How much time does 1 small box represent on ECG paper?

A

0.04 seconds

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8
Q

How much time does 1 large box represent on ECG paper?

A

0.2 seconds

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9
Q

How many large boxes, on ECG graph paper, represent 1 second?

A

5

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10
Q

The mostly flat line which runs through an ECG strip is called?

A

The isoelectric line

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11
Q

What is the PR interval (PRI)

What is the normal length of a PRI?

A

Beginning of the P wave to the beginning of QRS.
0.12-0.2 seconds (3-5 small boxes)
Represents beginning of the atrial depolarization through the pause at the av node

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12
Q

What is the PR segment?

A

End of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex.

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13
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

Ventricular depolarization

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14
Q

What is the normal time (length) of the Qrs complex?

A

Less than or equal to: 0.12 seconds

Less than or equal to: 3 small boxes

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15
Q

What does the QT interval represent?

A

Beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T-wave

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16
Q

What is the ST segment? J-point?

A

The time from the end of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T-wave.
J-point is the end of the QRS complex (sometimes difficult to pinpoint)

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17
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

The state of un responsiveness following depolarization.

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18
Q

What are the 5 steps of analyzing a rhythm strip?

A
  1. Rhythm (regularity): R-R & P-P
  2. Rate
  3. P-waves (Present? Upright? Look alike? Preceding each QRS?
    QRS following every Pwave?
  4. PR intervals: 3-5 boxes
  5. QRS: less than .12 (3 small boxes)
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19
Q

List the 3 criteria that must be met to determine a rhythm originates in the sinus node.

A
  • Upright matching Pwaves in Lead II followed by a QRS
  • PR intervals constant
  • Heart rate less than or equal to 160 at rest
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20
Q

What are the 3 tissue layers of the heart?

A

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium (visceral pericardium)

21
Q

what is cardiac tamponade

A

A condition in which an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity prevents proper filling of the ventricles.

22
Q

Name 4 causes of stiff pericardium

A

Infection
Trauma
Radiation
Idiopathic

23
Q

What is the cardiac cycle

A

Time from the end of one cardiac contraction to the next

24
Q

What is diastole

A

period of time when heart is relaxed and filling and coronary perfusion occurs

25
Q

What is systole

A

Period of time when heart is contracting

26
Q

What is the atrial kick

A

Amount of blood added to ventricular end diastolic volume with atrial contraction

27
Q

What is preload

A

Pressure within ventricles at the end of diastole, commonly called end diastolic volume.

28
Q

Starlings law of the heart

A

The more the myocardium is stretched, the more forceful the subsequent contraction will be (up to a certain point)

29
Q

What is after load

A

The resistance against which the heart must pump

30
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood ejected by one ventricle in a single contraction

31
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

32
Q

What is ejection fraction

A

Stroke volume over end diastolic volume

33
Q

Inotropy

A

Pertaining to cardiac contractile force

34
Q

Chronotropy

A

Pertaining to heart rate

35
Q

Dromotropy

A

Pertaining to the speed of nervous impulse conduction

36
Q

Sympathetic neurotransmitter

A

Norepinephrine

37
Q

Parasympathetic neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

38
Q

Sympathetic primary receptors

A

Alpha & Beta

39
Q

Location of alpha 1 & beta 1 receptors

A

Alpha 1: peripheral blood vessels - promotes constriction

Beta 1: heart - increases rate, contractility, impulse conduction

40
Q

Location of beta 2 receptors?

A

Located mostly in lungs - promotes bronchodilation

41
Q

Parasympathetic principal receptors

A

Cholinergic

42
Q

Two types of cholinergic receptors and location

A

Muscarinic: smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
Nicotinic: neuromuscular junctions and autonomic ganglia

43
Q

Name the 4 qualities all cardiac cells have in common

A

Excitability
Conductivity
Automaticity
Contractility

44
Q

What is syncytium?

A

Group of cardiac cells that physiologically act as a unit.

45
Q

What are the 2 syncytial within the heart?

A

Atria

Ventricles

46
Q

Name the 3 intrinsic pacemakers and their rate

A

SA = 60-100
AV = 40-60
Purkinje system = less than 40

47
Q

What are 2 examples of pathological q waves

A

Equal to or greater than .03 sec.
and/or
Equal to or greater than 1/3 the height of the r wave

48
Q

Name 10 etiology of sinus tachy

A 
Exercise
Pain
Hypoxia
Shock
Drugs
Agitation
Caffeine
Nicotine 
Fever
Hypovolemia
49
Q

List 4 etiology for bradycardia

A

Damage to sa node
Hypoxemia
Increased parasympathetic tone
Conditioned athletes

50
Q

What are the 2 types of sinus arrhythmia

A

Respiratory (regularly irregular)

Non-respiratory (irregular random pattern)

ECG (5 decks)

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