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PSYC100 > Fall > Flashcards

Fall Flashcards

1
Q

Empirical Methods

A

Approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual measurement and observation

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2
Q

Ethics

A

Professional guidelines that offer researchers a temple for making decisions that protect participants from harm
Help steer scientists away from conflicts of interest or other situations that might compromise the integrity of their research

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3
Q

Hypotheses

A

A logical idea that can be tested

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4
Q

Systematic observation

A

A careful observation of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it,
observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally or otherwise organization about the natural world

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5
Q

Theories

A

groups of closely related phenomena or observations

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5
Q

Causality

A

The determination that one variable causes - is responsible for an effect

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5
Q

Anecdotal evidence

A

a piece of biased evidence, usually drawn from personal experience, used to support a conclusion that may or may not be correct

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6
Q

Correlation

A

The measure of relatedness of two or more variables

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7
Q

Data

A

information systematically collected for analysis and interpretation

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7
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

A form of reasoning in which a premise determines the interpretation of specific observations

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8
Q

Distribution

A

The relative frequency that a particular value occurs for each possible value of a given variable

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9
Q

Empirical

A

concerned with observation and/or the ability to verify a claim

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10
Q

Falsify

A

the ability of a claim to be tested and possibly refuted

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11
Q

Generalize

A

the degree to which one can extend conclusions drawn from the findings of a study to other groups or situations not included in the study

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12
Q

Induction

A

to draw conclusions from specific observations

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13
Q

Null hypothesis significance testing

A

a test created to determine the chances that an alternative hypothesis would produce a result as extreme as the one observed if the null hypothesis were actually true

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14
Q

Objective

A

being free of personal bias

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15
Q

Representative

A

the degree to which. sample is a typical example of the population from which it is drawn

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16
Q

Sample

A

a number of people selected from the population to serve as an example of that population

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17
Q

Scientific theory

A

an explanation for observed phenomena that is empirically well supported, consistent and predictive

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18
Q

Type I error

A

the error of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true

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19
Q

type II error

A

the error of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false

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20
Q

Behaviorism

A

the study of behavior

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21
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

the study of mental processes

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22
Q

Consciousness

A

awareness of ourselves and our environment

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23
Q

Empiricism

A

The belief that knowledge comes from experience

24
Q

Eugenics

A

The practice of selective breeding to promote desired traits

25
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

A highly detailed and vivid memory of an emotionally significant event

26
Q

Functionalism

A

focus on the utility of consciousness

27
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

an attempt to study the unity of experience

28
Q

introspection

A

a method of focusing on internal processes

28
Q

individual differences

A

ways in which people differ in terms of their behavior, emotion, cognition and development

28
Q

Neural impulse

A

an electro chemical signal that enables neurons to communicate

29
Q

Psychophysics

A

study of the relationships between physical stimuli and the perception of those stimuli

30
Q

Realism

A

a pov that emphasizes the importance of the sense in providing knowledge of the external world

31
Q

structuralism

A

describe the elements of a conscious experience

32
Q

Cause and effect

A

related to whether we say on variable is causing changes in the other variable, versus other variables that may be related to these two variables

33
Q

Confidence interval

A

an interval of plausible values of a population parameter, the interval of values within the margin of error of a statistic

34
Q

Distribution

A

the pattern of variation in data

35
Q

Margin of error

A

the expected amount of random variation in a stat, often defined for 95% confidence level

36
Q

Parameter

A

a numerical result summarizing a population

37
Q

P-value

A

the probability based method to divide a sample into treatment groups

38
Q

Random assignment

A

using a probability based method to divide a sample into treatment groups

39
Q

random sampling

A

using a probability based method to select a subset of individual for the sample from the population

40
Q

Sample

A

the collection of individuals on which we collect data

41
Q

Validity

A

the degree to which a measure is assessing what it is intended to measure

42
Q

Daily diary method

A

a method where participants complete a questionnaire about their thoughts, feelings and behaviour of the day

43
Q

day reconstruction method

A

a method where partcipants describe their experiences and behavior of a given day retrospectively upon a systematic reconstruction on the following day

44
Q

Ecological momentary assessment

A

methods that repeatedly sample participants real world experiences behavior and physiology in real time

45
Q

Ecological validity

A

the degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday

46
Q

Experience sampling method

A

A methodology where participants report on their momentary thoughts, feelings, and behaviors at different points in time over the course of a day.

47
Q

External validity

A

The degree to which a finding generalizes from the specific sample and context of a study to some larger population and broader settings

48
Q

full cycle psychology

A

A scientific approach whereby researchers start with an observational field study to identify an effect in the real world, follow up with laboratory experimentation to verify the effect and isolate the causal mechanisms, and return to field research to corroborate their experimental findings.

49
Q

Generalize

A

the ability to arrive at broad conclusions based on a smaller sample of observations. the sample should accurately represent the larger population from which it is drawn

50
Q

internal validity

A

the degree to which a cause effect relationship between two variables has been unambiguously established

50
Q

lived day analysis

A

a method where a research team follows an individual around with a video camera to document a persons daily life as it is lived

51
Q

Confounds

A

factors that undermine the ability to draw casual infrences from an experiment

52
Q

longitudinal study

A

a study that follows the same group of individuals over time

53
Q

Operational definitions

A

how researchers specifically measure a concept

54
Q

participant demand

A

when participants behave in a way they think the experimenter wants them to behave

55
Q

placebo effect

A

when receiving special treatment or something new affects human behavior

56
Q

Quasi experimental design

A

an experiment that does not require random assignment to conditions

57
Q
A

PSYC100 (1 decks)

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