Falacies of thinking

Question 1

What says the Ad Hominem Fallacy?

Answer 1

In logic and rhetoric, a personal attack is called an ad hominem. Ad hominem is Latin for “against the man.” Instead of advancing good sound reasoning, an ad hominem replaces logical argumentation with attack-language unrelated to the truth of the matter.

No siempre atacar al argumentador es falaz. Si un debate presidencial un candidato dice que el va a hacer tal cosa en su mandato, no es falaz negar eso que va a hacer atacando al candidato diciendo que en sus ultimos 2 mandatos prometio lo mismo y nunca hizo nada

Question 2

What says the strawman argument Falacy?

Answer 2

La idea es atacar a la propuesta realizada por el contrario con una simplificación distorcionada y sobresimplificada que sea mas fácil de refutar que lo que dijo realmente la otra persona. (Cambiar el hombre o argumento real por una sobresimplifación o hombre de paja que sea mas facil de atacar)
Ej.

Claim: Propagandas de cervezas deberían estar banned de la tv.
Strawman argument: Entonces vos decís que la gente debería dejar de tomar cerveza?

Question 3

What says the appeal to ignorance argument?

Answer 3

An appeal to ignorance isn’t proof of anything except that you don’t know something.

Aliens exist because no one has proof the countrary. or god exists or ghosts exist.

Question 4

What says the falacy of authority?

Answer 4

That not because you are an authority on some topic, your oppinion is equaly important on any other topic.

Question 5

Relevance

Answer 5

En un debate, una premisa relevante ayuda la gente que escucha a acercarse o alejarse a una conclusión. Ahora, si una premisa, aunque cierta, no hace diferencia en relación a la conclución, se dice que es irrelevante en la argumentación.

Question 6

What says the red herring falacy?

Answer 6

Se llama red herring porque historicamente, los perros de caza seguian el olor de un zorro sin importar nada, a excepcion de que un olor sea mas fuerte se presente. Se usaba el olor de un red herring para llevar a los perros a ir tras otro objetivo completamente diatinto.

Esta falacia consiste en introducir otro issue complemtamente distinto y mas fuerte que el anterior y sin relación.

Question 7

What is an aristotle syllogism?

Answer 7

Arguments or 3 statements: two premisses and one conclusion. Socrates is a man. All man are mortal. Socrates is mortal.

Ahora, hay 3 reglas para saber si estas construcciones son falces:

1- the middle term must be distributed at least once.
2- no term must be distributed in the conclusion that was not distributed in the premise in which arose.
3- there can only be one negative premise, and if there is, there must also be a negative conclusion.

All S (distributed) are P (undistributed)
No S (distributed) is P (distributed)
Some S (undistributed) is P (undistributed)
Some S (undistrivuted) are P (distributed)

Question 8

What is fallacy of equivocation?

Answer 8

Es una falacia del lenguaje. Sucede cuando dentro de un argumento usamos una misma palabra con definiciones totalmente distintas. El sentido de la palabra/concepto/frase cambia de sentido a lo largo del argumento.

El ejemplo del libro es un párrafo en el que el auto usa la palabra demencia al volante para referirse a los viejos ( demencia señil) y tmb para referirse a los jovenes o adultos que manejan dementemente por enojo estress apuro etc!! Al mezclar la definición para dos contextos distintos confunde a la audiencia.

Question 9

Vagueness fallacy!

Answer 9

Esta falacia hace mención a las situaciones en donde el expositor del argumento es vago en su declaración. No está claro ni es preciso en que quiere afirmar o decir.

Question 10

Add populum falacy?

Answer 10

X is true because N people think is true!

Question 11

Ad baculum falacy?

Answer 11

Aparece cuando el argumentador aplica amenazas para enforzar su punto!

Question 12

Ad misericordiam or apply to pity falacy!

Answer 12

Draw attention to some circunstance affecting you or someone else and get the pity of the audience! Appeal to
Emotions!

Question 13

What the argument of authority falacy says?

Answer 13

If i’m an authority on one specific topic My opinion in other topics are not as relevant as on that topic that my word counts extra.

Tambien, aunque sea autoridad en un tema, tengo que citar evidencia clara y concreta de las cosas aue digo, sino la audiencia no tiene porque creerne.

Question 14

The generalization fallacy?

Answer 14

Generalization is also a bad sign for an argument. It is very difficult to generalize something, moreover if that thing has not scientific proof.

If you make a broad generalization you must have empirical data that support that claim. One example against your claim and you are done.

Question 15

What says the insufficient statistics falacy?

Answer 15

We do not have enought of a group to draw a reasonable conclusion.

Si hago una encuesta de que presidente va a ganar en un pueblo de 50 personas, en un pais de 45millones, es probable que la conclusión sea falsa.

Question 16

Wha says the fallacy of biased statistics?

Answer 16

Here the population taken into account is biased in some way.

Por ejemplo, si hago una encuesta en belgrano sobre si la educación nacional es de buena calidad o no, es posible que la rta tenga un bias, porque el 90% de esas escuelas son privadas y no pueden hablar por las escuelas publicas.

Question 17

What is the post hoc fallacy?

Answer 17

Tiene 2 significados:

1- la falacia afirma que porque un evento paso antes que otro, el primer evento es causa del segundo.

2- la segunda dice que correlation does not necesary means causation.

Question 18

What says the argument of negative consecuence?

Answer 18

That some claim is false because this or that consecuence will be negative for some cases.

Ej. Paying more for education will not guarantee excelence and will not provide students with a better return of investment, because it will generate extremely high student loans, lines of credit and mortage debt.

Question 19

what is the slipery slope fallacy?

Answer 19

It tells that one event will likeliy generate other!

Question 20

What do the false analogy says?

Answer 20

Usar analogías que no tienen nada que ver para probar un statement que queres probar.

Ej. The refusal to face up to the consequences of the climate change is analogous to the churchs historical acceptance of slavery. Fossil fuels and slavery are both sources of power.

Question 21

What does the appeal to precedence fallacy says?

Answer 21

a consecuence will fallow beacuse one action or case is like another.

If we allow same-sex marriage, we will be alowing polygamous marriage all the same.

Question 22

What the two wrongs by analogy fallacy means?

Answer 22

accepts that an action is wroing but argues that is less wrong than some other action to witch it is analogous.

Ej. As bad as the brief bit of nudity during the halftime show migth be, it pales beside the gore and violence regularly served up by the networks during prime time.