FAK for Y4 Exam

Question 1

Explain Murdoch’s concept of the nuclear family and critique his theory use example found in contemporary families

Answer 1

Functionalist Perspective.
4 Functional fit ‘needs’: reproduction, socialisation of children, satisfaction of the parent sex drive and contributing to the economy.
Critique: various family types which may have different ‘needs’

Question 2

To what extent is Finch’s concept of ‘display’ useful in explaining contemporary families?

Answer 2

Finch explores the idea of ‘doing’ family. This allows different family ‘types’ to feel equally as a family then the conventional types or blood related families. It’s what they do not how/if they relate that makes them a family

Question 3

Define: Endogamy

Answer 3

Marrying within the limits of a local community, clan or tribe

Question 4

Define: Exogamy

Answer 4

Marrying outside a community, clan or tribe

Question 5

Define: Serial Monogamy

Answer 5

Only being with one partner from relationship to relationship

Question 6

Define: Family of Orientation

Answer 6

The family you were born into

- your parents

Question 7

Define: Family of Procreation

Answer 7

The family you create

• your spouse
• your children

Question 8

Define: Secondary Affinity

Answer 8

Relationship between a spouse and the other spouse’s relatives by marriage

Question 9

Define: Collateral Affinity

Answer 9

Relationship between a spouse and the relatives of the other spouse’s relatives

Question 10

How does Janet Finch define ‘displaying’ families?

Answer 10

As the contemporary need to prove to an ‘audience’ that you can act like a family - ‘doing family’ as well as simply being a family unit

Question 11

What does David Schneider (1980: 34) mean when he says that the biological assumptions of ‘American family that is formed according to the laws of nature’?

Answer 11

He means blood relatedness through marriage or kin is the one-track thinking of Americans
(They believe this is the only way forward)

Question 12

What are the 3 profound shifts Helena Ragone (reading) refers to as a result of the development in reproductive technology?

Answer 12

1. The biological mother: the woman who contributed the ovum, the woman whom we have traditionally assumed to be the “real mother”
2. The gestational mother: the woman who gestates the embryo but bears no genetic relationship to the child
3. The social mother: the woman who nurtures the child

Question 13

Define: Hypogamy

Answer 13

Marrying a person of a lower group or caste

Question 14

Define: Hypergamy

Answer 14

Marrying a person of a superior group or caste

Question 15

What percentage of marriages were civil ceremonies in 2013?

Answer 15

72%

Question 16

What 3 transitional eras in the meaning of marriage proposed by Cherlin (2004) and their main characteristics?

Answer 16

1. Institutional (Early C20th)
2. Companionate (mid C20th)
3. Individualised (post 1960’s)

Question 17

Explain the key characteristics of Kefalas et al. ‘s (2011) ‘marriage naturalists’

Answer 17

Marriage naturalists work from nature or instinct. They see marriage as a ‘natural’ outcome from a long term relationship
- largely from rural areas

Question 18

Explain the key characteristics of Kefalas et al. ‘s (2011) ‘marriage planners’

Answer 18

Marriage planners don’t rush into marriage as a way to counteract the difficult transition into adulthood
- largely from metropolitan areas

Question 19

Define: Spuriousness hypothesis

Answer 19

No link between family structure and child outcomes.
The association is a consequence of the fact that they are both related in some variables.
Eg. marital disruption and child maladjustment are negatively related to class, therefore the relationship between divorce and child outcomes may be spurious (fake) due to their link to socioeconomic status

Question 20

Define: Selection hypothesis

Answer 20

Some adults have characteristics or traits that place them at risk of marital discourse and divorce etc.
This is regarded as contributing to disorganised lifestyles and inept parenting, which have a harmful effect on child development.
Problematic characteristics of the parents account for the findings that marital status is related to child outcomes.
Eg. antisocial parents are at a high risk of marital breakdown and inept parenting

Question 21

What % of marriages in England and Wales ended in divorce in 2012?

Answer 21

71%

Question 22

In which year did the first divorce of a same sex couple happen?

Answer 22

2015

Question 23

Describe the main characteristics of the Children’s Act 1989 (4)

Answer 23

1. Making the children the paramount concern of the courts
2. Joint parental responsibility
3. Preference for no orders encouraging parents to positively exercise their responsibility for their children’s welfare
4. Encouraging parents to negotiate

Question 24

Describe ‘intensive motherhood’ proposed by Hays (1996)

Answer 24

An ideology of motherhood founded on “child-centred, expert-guided, emotionally expensive” child rearing methods

Question 25

What does Hays (1996) mean when she links 'intensive motherhood' to 'the cultural contradictions'

Answer 25

The link is the pull between self-less, dedicated, warm and all-consuming motherhood and the cool-headed, calculated, competitive labour market

Question 26

What are the key components of the Institutional era of marriage (early C20th)?

Answer 26

Marriage is expected | Prominent gender roles

Question 27

What are the key components of the Companionate era of marriage (mid C20th)?

Answer 27

Marriage based on romantic love

Question 28

What are the key components of the Individualised era of marriage (post 1960's)

Answer 28

Lower expectations Individuals choice Other viable options such as cohabitation

Question 29

What are 'Ethnic penalties'?

Answer 29

Discriminations - economic and non-economic - suffered by ethnic minorities e.g. in the workplace

Question 30

Define: intersectionality

Answer 30

The interlocking relations between social categories | eg. gender, ethnicity, class

Question 31

Explain intersectionality's main characteristics (2)

Answer 31

1. The intersectional approach shifts the focus of analysis from simply describing similarities and differences to the ways in which they interact with each other 2. It seeks to understand how marginalisation, injustice and inequality occur not on a unilateral or one dimensional level but multidimensional way

Question 32

Identify the 7 categories of abuse by the Department of Health

Answer 32

1. Physical 2. Emotional 3. Financial 4. Neglect 5. Sexual 6. Institutional 7. Discriminatory

Question 33

Describe the main characteristic of the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004, section 12 (September 2009)

Answer 33

Gave power to the courts to impose restraining orders more widely

Question 34

What are the differences between men's and women's violence (3)

Answer 34

1. The extent of harm: men cause more harm/injury 2. Motives for violence: women tend to use it for self-defence whilst men use it to intimidate, coerce, punish unwanted behaviours 3. Consequences of violence: women are hospitalised more than men, suffer more from stress

Question 35

What are Esping-Andersen's 3 welfare states?

Answer 35

1. Social Democracies 2. Conservative States 3. Liberal States

Question 36

What are the differences between teenage motherhood in the past and today?

Answer 36

Then: - Majority of teenager mothers were married - Around 20% gave up for adoption soon after birth Now (2013): - Only 9% were married - Around 30% cohabitated - 25% had fathers registered at a separate address - Very few adoptions

Question 37

Why is some genealogical knowledge (kinship, descent) important in some societies? (5)

Answer 37

1. identity, emotional attachment, structures of affection 2. Basis of social and cultural organisation 3. Social status and power (eg. age seniority, relation, gender) 4. Social duties and obligation 5. inheritance, property transmissions, territorial claims, residence rule

Question 38

Describe the rules of residence for Virilocal

Answer 38

Living in husband's home/community (aka patrilocal)

Question 39

Describe the rules of residence for Uxorilocal

Answer 39

Living in wife's home/community (aka matrilocal)

Question 40

Describe the rules of residence for Avunculocal

Answer 40

Located at or centred around the residence of the husband's maternal uncles

Question 41

Describe the rules of residence for Neolocal

Answer 41

Residing separately from both the husband's residence or wife's residence