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Families and Kinship > FAK for Y4 Exam > Flashcards

FAK for Y4 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Explain Murdoch’s concept of the nuclear family and critique his theory use example found in contemporary families

A

Functionalist Perspective.
4 Functional fit ‘needs’: reproduction, socialisation of children, satisfaction of the parent sex drive and contributing to the economy.
Critique: various family types which may have different ‘needs’

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2
Q

To what extent is Finch’s concept of ‘display’ useful in explaining contemporary families?

A

Finch explores the idea of ‘doing’ family. This allows different family ‘types’ to feel equally as a family then the conventional types or blood related families. It’s what they do not how/if they relate that makes them a family

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3
Q

Define: Endogamy

A

Marrying within the limits of a local community, clan or tribe

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4
Q

Define: Exogamy

A

Marrying outside a community, clan or tribe

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5
Q

Define: Serial Monogamy

A

Only being with one partner from relationship to relationship

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6
Q

Define: Family of Orientation

A

The family you were born into

- your parents

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7
Q

Define: Family of Procreation

A

The family you create

  • your spouse
  • your children
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8
Q

Define: Secondary Affinity

A

Relationship between a spouse and the other spouse’s relatives by marriage

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9
Q

Define: Collateral Affinity

A

Relationship between a spouse and the relatives of the other spouse’s relatives

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10
Q

How does Janet Finch define ‘displaying’ families?

A

As the contemporary need to prove to an ‘audience’ that you can act like a family - ‘doing family’ as well as simply being a family unit

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11
Q

What does David Schneider (1980: 34) mean when he says that the biological assumptions of ‘American family that is formed according to the laws of nature’?

A

He means blood relatedness through marriage or kin is the one-track thinking of Americans
(They believe this is the only way forward)

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12
Q

What are the 3 profound shifts Helena Ragone (reading) refers to as a result of the development in reproductive technology?

A
  1. The biological mother: the woman who contributed the ovum, the woman whom we have traditionally assumed to be the “real mother”
  2. The gestational mother: the woman who gestates the embryo but bears no genetic relationship to the child
  3. The social mother: the woman who nurtures the child
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13
Q

Define: Hypogamy

A

Marrying a person of a lower group or caste

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14
Q

Define: Hypergamy

A

Marrying a person of a superior group or caste

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15
Q

What percentage of marriages were civil ceremonies in 2013?

A

72%

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16
Q

What 3 transitional eras in the meaning of marriage proposed by Cherlin (2004) and their main characteristics?

A
  1. Institutional (Early C20th)
  2. Companionate (mid C20th)
  3. Individualised (post 1960’s)
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17
Q

Explain the key characteristics of Kefalas et al. ‘s (2011) ‘marriage naturalists’

A

Marriage naturalists work from nature or instinct. They see marriage as a ‘natural’ outcome from a long term relationship
- largely from rural areas

18
Q

Explain the key characteristics of Kefalas et al. ‘s (2011) ‘marriage planners’

A

Marriage planners don’t rush into marriage as a way to counteract the difficult transition into adulthood
- largely from metropolitan areas

19
Q

Define: Spuriousness hypothesis

A

No link between family structure and child outcomes.
The association is a consequence of the fact that they are both related in some variables.
Eg. marital disruption and child maladjustment are negatively related to class, therefore the relationship between divorce and child outcomes may be spurious (fake) due to their link to socioeconomic status

20
Q

Define: Selection hypothesis

A

Some adults have characteristics or traits that place them at risk of marital discourse and divorce etc.
This is regarded as contributing to disorganised lifestyles and inept parenting, which have a harmful effect on child development.
Problematic characteristics of the parents account for the findings that marital status is related to child outcomes.
Eg. antisocial parents are at a high risk of marital breakdown and inept parenting

21
Q

What % of marriages in England and Wales ended in divorce in 2012?

A

71%

22
Q

In which year did the first divorce of a same sex couple happen?

A

2015

23
Q

Describe the main characteristics of the Children’s Act 1989 (4)

A
  1. Making the children the paramount concern of the courts
  2. Joint parental responsibility
  3. Preference for no orders encouraging parents to positively exercise their responsibility for their children’s welfare
  4. Encouraging parents to negotiate
24
Q

Describe ‘intensive motherhood’ proposed by Hays (1996)

A

An ideology of motherhood founded on “child-centred, expert-guided, emotionally expensive” child rearing methods

25
Q

What does Hays (1996) mean when she links ‘intensive motherhood’ to ‘the cultural contradictions’

A

The link is the pull between self-less, dedicated, warm and all-consuming motherhood and the cool-headed, calculated, competitive labour market

26
Q

What are the key components of the Institutional era of marriage (early C20th)?

A

Marriage is expected

Prominent gender roles

27
Q

What are the key components of the Companionate era of marriage (mid C20th)?

A

Marriage based on romantic love

28
Q

What are the key components of the Individualised era of marriage (post 1960’s)

A

Lower expectations
Individuals choice
Other viable options such as cohabitation

29
Q

What are ‘Ethnic penalties’?

A

Discriminations - economic and non-economic - suffered by ethnic minorities
e.g. in the workplace

30
Q

Define: intersectionality

A

The interlocking relations between social categories

eg. gender, ethnicity, class

31
Q

Explain intersectionality’s main characteristics (2)

A
  1. The intersectional approach shifts the focus of analysis from simply describing similarities and differences to the ways in which they interact with each other
  2. It seeks to understand how marginalisation, injustice and inequality occur not on a unilateral or one dimensional level but multidimensional way
32
Q

Identify the 7 categories of abuse by the Department of Health

A
  1. Physical
  2. Emotional
  3. Financial
  4. Neglect
  5. Sexual
  6. Institutional
  7. Discriminatory
33
Q

Describe the main characteristic of the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004, section 12 (September 2009)

A

Gave power to the courts to impose restraining orders more widely

34
Q

What are the differences between men’s and women’s violence (3)

A
  1. The extent of harm: men cause more harm/injury
  2. Motives for violence: women tend to use it for self-defence whilst men use it to intimidate, coerce, punish unwanted behaviours
  3. Consequences of violence: women are hospitalised more than men, suffer more from stress
35
Q

What are Esping-Andersen’s 3 welfare states?

A
  1. Social Democracies
  2. Conservative States
  3. Liberal States
36
Q

What are the differences between teenage motherhood in the past and today?

A

Then:

  • Majority of teenager mothers were married
  • Around 20% gave up for adoption soon after birth

Now (2013):

  • Only 9% were married
  • Around 30% cohabitated
  • 25% had fathers registered at a separate address
  • Very few adoptions
37
Q

Why is some genealogical knowledge (kinship, descent) important in some societies? (5)

A
  1. identity, emotional attachment, structures of affection
  2. Basis of social and cultural organisation
  3. Social status and power (eg. age seniority, relation, gender)
  4. Social duties and obligation
  5. inheritance, property transmissions, territorial claims, residence rule
38
Q

Describe the rules of residence for Virilocal

A

Living in husband’s home/community (aka patrilocal)

39
Q

Describe the rules of residence for Uxorilocal

A

Living in wife’s home/community (aka matrilocal)

40
Q

Describe the rules of residence for Avunculocal

A

Located at or centred around the residence of the husband’s maternal uncles

41
Q

Describe the rules of residence for Neolocal

A

Residing separately from both the husband’s residence or wife’s residence

Families and Kinship (4 decks)

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