Fair Value Flashcards
Define “fair value” (for accounting purposes).
The price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date
For purposes of the fair value definition, what are the assumed characteristics of market participants?
Buyers and sellers that are:
Independent of the reporting entity. Acting in their economic best interest. Knowledgeable of the asset or liability and the transaction involved. Able and willing, but not compelled, to transact for the asset or liability.
What are the major purposes intended to be accomplished by the fair value framework?
To provide a framework for the use of fair value in generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) so as to:
Achieve increased consistency and comparability in fair value measurements; and Expand disclosure when fair value measurements are used.
List the financial assets and financial liabilities that entities may NOT use fair value to measure and report.
An investment in a subsidiary or variable interest to be consolidated
Employers’ and plans’ obligations for pension benefits, other postretirement benefits, postemployment benefits
Financial assets and liabilities under lease accounting
Demand deposit liabilities of financial institutions
Financial instruments classified by the issuer as a component of shareholders’ equity
List the items that entities may elect to measure and report at fair value.
Recognized financial assets or financial liabilities (some exceptions)
Firm commitments
Written loan commitments
Rights and obligations under insurance contracts and warranties
Other financial instruments embedded in nonfinancial derivative instruments
Describe the income approach for determining fair value for the purposes of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).
This approach converts future amounts to a single present amount.
Define “entry price.”
The price paid to acquire an asset or the price received to assume a liability
List the dates when an entity may elect to use fair value option for an eligible item.
When the item is first recognized
When firm commitment occurs
When financial, an asset previously reported at fair value with unrealized gain/loss in earnings no longer qualifies for that fair value treatment
When accounting treatment for an investment changes because it becomes subject to the equity method or ceases to be eligible for consolidation
When an item is measured at fair value at the time of an event but does not require fair value measurement at subsequent reporting dates
List the situations where the entry price may not be the exit price.
The transaction is between related parties.
The transaction occurs when the seller is under duress.
The unit of account included in the transaction price is different from the unit of account that would be used to measure at fair value.
The market in which the transaction price occurred is different from the market in which the asset would be sold or the liability transferred
Describe the market approach for determining fair value for the purposes of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).
This approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving assets or liabilities identical or comparable to those being valued.
Describe the cost approach for determining fair value for the purposes of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).
This approach uses the amount currently required to replace the service capacity of an asset.
What are the three valuation techniques (or approaches) that should be used in determining fair value for the purposes of generally accepted accounting principles?
Market approach
Income approach
Cost approach
Define “exit price.”
The price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability
Describe fair value measurement inputs.
Inputs can be observable or unobservable. Observable inputs are based on market data from independent sources. Unobservable inputs are the entity’s assumptions about the factors that impact determination of fair value.
What purpose does the fair value hierarchy serve?
To prioritize the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value
What are the three levels of the fair value hierarchy and what does each consist of?
Level 1: highest level, are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for assets and liabilities identical to those being valued Level 2: are observable for assets or liabilities, either directly or indirectly, other than quoted prices described in Level 1 Level 3: lowest level, are unobservable and used to determine fair value only if observable inputs are not available
What types of comparisons are fair value option disclosures intended to facilitate?
Between entities that choose different measurement methods for similar assets and liabilities
Between assets and liabilities in the financial statements of an entity that selects different measurement for similar assets and liabilities
Distinguish between assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and nonrecurring basis.
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on recurring basis are adjusted to fair value period after a period. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis are adjusted to fair value only at the time of a particular event (e.g., significant modification of debt).
What are the special disclosures required for fair value measurements (on a recurring basis) that are based on unobservable inputs (i.e., Level 3 inputs)?
Reconciliation of beginning and ending balances
Description of the valuation process used
Quantitative information about the unobservable inputs used
Narrative description of the sensitivity of fair value to changes in unobservable inputs
Unrealized gains/losses for the period and where reported
What significant fair value disclosures are required only in annual statements?
The methods and significant assumptions used to estimate fair value
