Failure of revolution (1830s - 1849) Flashcards
In what year did the French Revolution begin?
1789
When did Napoleon invade Italy?
1796
Name 3 things Napoleon did to Italy
- Split it into 3 regions
- Introduced the Napoleonic Code to Italy
- Create Italian regiments of the French army
What happened in the Congress of Vienna? (2)
- Italy was split up to restore how it was before 1796
- Old monarchs regained power
What was the main feature of the Napoleonic Code?
Under the code all male citizens are equal
What did the Catholic Church do to hinder unification? (5)
- Abolished the Napoleonic Code
- Jesuits attacked those who challenged the Church
- Censorship
- Inquisition who tortured and killed opposition
- Jewish children were taken and assimilated as Catholics
What were Jesuits?
Strict Catholics who attacked people who challenged the Church
What was the Inquisition?
Court that used torture and execution against people who questioned the Church
Which social class was most involved in promoting change?
Middle class
Why were peasants not typically involved in revolutionary movements? (2)
- Politically apathetic because survival was more important
- Most peasants were illiterate
Why were the upper class not typically involved in revolutionary movements?
They would be likely to lose power if the revolution was successful
What were the early barriers to unification in Italy? (5)
- Political apathy amongst peasants
- No common language
- Catholic Church resisted change
- Austrian control
- Lack of foreign support
How did Austria hinder Italian unification? (5)
- Prevented free speech
- Had armies stationed across states
- Had support from the Pope (who resisted change)
- Controlled Lombardy and Venetia
- Large surveillance network looking for revolutionary groups
What were the 3 main political groups that wanted change in Italy?
- Nationalists
- Liberals
- Radicals
Name 3 secret societies
- Carbonari
- Spillo Negro
- Young Italy
How many people in Naples were members of the Carbonari?
60,000
Where was the Spillo Negro based?
Papal states
Why were the secret societies ineffective helping unify Italy?
- Most didn’t have many members
- Didn’t work together because they had different aims
- Most wanted constitutions and did not want unification
What does parochial mean?
Loyal to your states or region
What type of government would liberals typically prefer?
Constitutional monarchy
What type of government would radicals typically prefer?
Republic
Name 3 strengths of secret societies
- Hard to discover who members are
- Range of different types of people were members
- Lots of people were in them
Name 3 weaknesses of secret societies
- They did not work with other societies due to conflicting views
- Hard to change things when in secret
- Were not strong enough to overthrow established rulers
Where did revolutions take place in the 1830s?
- Modena
- Parma
- Papal States
What happened in 1831 in Modena?
- Enrico Misley told ruler Duke Francis IV about his revolutionary plans
- Francis had him arrested and called on Austria for help
- Whilst away a provisional government was set up, but was quickly defeated by the Austrians
What happened in 1831 in Parma?
- Following the revolts in Modena, students rioted and called for a constitution in Parma
- Duchess Marie-Louise fled and a provisional government was established
- Duke Francis IV later returned with an Austrian army
Give 4 reasons why the 1830s revolutions failed
- Localised
- Lack of communication between states
- Lack of popular support
- Austrian strength
What was the Risorgimento
The movement to unify Italy
Name 3 individuals involved in the Risorgimento
- Dante
- Machiavelli
- Verdi
How was Dante involved in the Risorgimento?
- Spoke and write in Italian
- Hoped a German emperor would unify Italy
How was Machiavelli involved in the Risorgimento?
- Sometimes spoke of the peninsula as a nation or fatherland
- Wrote The Prince, complaining about foreign rule (about French occupation)
