Failure of Multiculturalism

Question 1

When was this article published?

a. 2012
b. 2014
c. 2015
d. 2016

Answer 1

2015

Question 2

One of the two sides about the challenges of multiculturalism in Europe claims there has been too much immigration without enough integration. What is the other side?

a. Not enough policy enforcement
b. Too much racism
c. Not enough education
d. Issues of citizenship

Answer 2

Too much racism

Question 3

What are the three countries that are being used as examples of different approaches to multiculturalism?

a. The UK, Germany, and France
b. France, Netherlands, and Norway
c. Spain, France, and Belgium
d. Germany, Italy, and England

Answer 3

The UK, Germany, and France

Question 4

Although the three countries being used as examples have all tried different approaches to multiculturalism, the results have been the same: fragmented societies, alienated minorities, and resentful citizenries.
True/False

Answer 4

True

Question 5

What is one of the common mistakes of the approaches all three countries made as examples in this article?

a. They all implicitly assume that although multiculturalism recognizes diversity, that diversity ends at the edges of minority communities.
b. Ethnicities are fragments into a number of sub-communities that make it difficult to govern any ethnic community effectively
c. All alien populations want to assimilate into the host country
d. In all three examples, citizenship for alien populations and their children has not been an option

Answer 5

They all implicitly assume that although multiculturalism recognizes diversity, that diversity ends at the edges of minority communities.

Question 6

In France, around the time of the French Revolution, as well as Victorian-era Great Britain, the concept of race was not based on biological differences, but on the extreme differences in socio-economic status among the populations.
True/False

Answer 6

True

Question 7

The 1905 Aliens Act of the United Kingdom was designed principally to

a. Stop the flow of European Jews to the UK
b. Reduce the number of people overall coming from the European mainland
c. Prevent people from former British colonies, especially from Africa and south Asia, to settle in Britain
d. Protect its borders against foreign immigrants and temporary ‘guest workers”

Answer 7

Stop the flow of European Jews to the UK

Question 8

Increasingly, today, Europeans are defining social solidarity in terms of

a. Ethnicity, culture, or faith
b. Race and nationality
c. Socio-economic status
d. Distinctions between the “left” and the “right”

Answer 8

Ethnicity, culture, or faith

Question 9

Europeans today are concerned less with determining the kind of society they want to create than with defining the community to which they belong… meaning that, the politics of ideology have given way to the politics of identity.
True/False

Answer 9

True

Question 10

In the UK, during the late 1940s and 1950s, immigrants brought with them traditions and mores from their homelands

a. But they were rarely preoccupied with preserving their cultural differences
b. And they were preoccupied with preserving their cultural differences
c. And religion and ethnicity were their key concerns
d. And preservation of their languages in their new homeland was very important

Answer 10

But they were rarely preoccupied with preserving their cultural differences

Question 11

What troubled immigrants coming to the UK in the 1940s and 1950s was a desire to be treated differently.
True/False

Answer 11

False

Question 12

Because immigrants coming to the UK in the 1940s and 1950s were being treated differently,

a. A new generation of black and Asian activists organized strikes and protests challenging workplace discrimination, deportations, and police brutality
b. Multicultural policies were suspended
c. The state segregated them, not allowing them into the mainstream political process
d. Religion and ethnicity were their key concerns

Answer 12

A new generation of black and Asian activists organized strikes and protests challenging workplace discrimination, deportations, and police brutality

Question 13

By the late 1970s and early 1980s, in the UK, racism came to mean not just the denial of equal rights, but a denial of the right to be different
True/False

Answer 13

True

Question 14

By the late 1970s and early 1980s, in the UK, equality was about possessing rights that transcended race, ethnicity, culture, and faith.
True/False

Answer 14

False

Question 15

The example of Birmingham, UK, shows that minorities, primarily from Africa, the Caribbean, and South Asia, were placed into umbrella groups that were supposed to advocate for their members on matters of city policies

a. Diversity among the groups was matched by diversity within them and the groups struggled to define their individual and collective mandates
b. No one fell outside of these umbrella groups, the way they were defined
c. Their goal was to distribute resources equitably, without thinking about the distribution of ethnicity
d. The umbrella groups solved the issues of violence and riots that had plagued the city before

Answer 15

Diversity among the groups was matched by diversity within them and the groups struggled to define their individual and collective mandates

Question 16

The policy of multiculturalism, as practiced in Birmingham, UK, was that it

a. Not only bound people more closely to particular identities, but also to fear and resent other groups as competitors for power and influence
b. Led to cooperation between black and Asian communities where there was tension before
c. Was driven by the fact that, according to Amartya Sen, society is made up of distinct, uniform cultures that dance around one another
d. Solved the issue of violence between ethnic communities and between ethnic communities and society as a whole

Answer 16

Not only bound people more closely to particular identities, but also to fear and resent other groups as competitors for power and influence

Question 17

Germany used the policies designed in the UK and applied them to their own multicultural challenges, setting up umbrella groups for immigrants that came from Greece, Italy, Spain, and then Turkey.
True/False

Answer 17

False

Question 18

The immigrants that came to Germany initially did not expect to eventually become citizens, they were Gastarbeiters (guest workers) who were expected to return to their countries of origin when the German economy no longer needed them
True/False

Answer 18

True

Question 19

The vast majority of these Gastarbeiters were from

a. Turkey
b. Greece
c. Italy
d. Spain

Answer 19

Turkey

Question 20

What was the problem that developed with the Gastarbeiters over time?

a. Germany continued to rely on them, and they began to see Germany as their home
b. They wanted to return home before their jobs were finished
c. Germany did not want to use resources to support the children of the Gastarbeiters
d. The Gastarbeiters were placed in umbrella groups, as in the UK, and they were kept segregated

Answer 20

Germany continued to rely on them, and they began to see Germany as their home

Question 21

Although Germany changed its nationality laws, making it easier for immigrants to acquire citizenship, most of the Turks have remained outsiders.
True/False

Answer 21

True

Question 22

The policy of German multiculturalism was designed to

a. Encourage Turkish immigrants to preserve their own culture, language, and life- style
b. Respect the integration of cultures
c. Address head-on the issue of how to create a common, inclusive culture
d. Encourage citizenship

Answer 22

Encourage Turkish immigrants to preserve their own culture, language, and life-style

Question 23

Germany’s policy of multiculturalism has resulted in

a. A higher rate of Turks in Germany regularly attending mosque than in other western European countries
b. Many Turks not bothering to learn German
c. Many women now choosing to wear headscarves
d. All of the above

Answer 23

All of the Above

Question 24

Germany’s policy of multiculturalism has resulted in nearly half of all Germans consider the presence of Islamic communities “a threat” to their national identity and that popular notions of what it means to be German have come to be defined partly in opposition to the perceived values and beliefs of the excluded immigrant community.
True/False

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Germany’s policy of multiculturalism has resulted in the rise of anti-Muslim groups that are on the rise, and anti-immigration protests held in cities across the country this past January were some of the largest in recent memory
True/False

Answer 25

True

Question 26

The shortcoming of the policies in both the UK and in Germany was that

a. Governments failed to recognize the complexity, elasticity, and sheer contrariness of identity
b. Personal identities emerge out of personal and social relationships
c. Relationships mutate over time
d. All of the above

Answer 26

All of the Above

Question 27

One thing is clear, from the very beginning of migration to Europe, most Muslim immigrants thought of themselves as belonging to a Muslim community
True/False

Answer 27

False

Question 28

One of the reasons for the shift toward greater awareness of cultural difference on the part of immigrants had to do with the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and the Bosnian war of the early 1990s, both of which played an important role in fostering a more heightened sense of Muslim identity in Europe. Another reason is

a. Europe’s various multicultural policies
b. The rise of the political left in European politics
c. The rise of community politics in European society
d. None of the above

Answer 28

Europe’s various multicultural policies

Question 29

One of the drawbacks of multicultural policies in the UK and Germany is that they look to particular community organizations and leaders to act as intermediaries.

a. However, such leaders are rarely representative of their communities
b. These minority leaders are not always the strongest leaders of their communities
c. The communities do not get to vote on who their leader will be
d. The communities do not always follow what their leaders recommend

Answer 29

However, such leaders are rarely representative of their communities

Question 30

The majority of immigrants to France have come from

a. North Africa
b. South Asia
c. Turkey
d. Eastern Europe

Answer 30

North Africa

Question 31

France’s policy of dealing with immigrants is another form of multiculturalism
True/False

Answer 31

False

Question 32

France’s approach is that they treat every individual as a citizen rather than as a member of a particular racial, ethnic, or cultural group. This has led to:

a. France becoming as socially divided as Germany or the UK
b. Integration of all ethnic groups
c. A reduction in the country’s social divisions
d. A clear lack of violence and riots

Answer 32

France becoming as socially divided as Germany or the UK

Question 33

Charlie Hebdo is

a. A French social reformer who lobbied for Muslim integration into French society
b. A satirical magazine in whose offices several people were gunned down by Islamist gunmen
c. A member of the French Parliament who introduced the concept of assimilation as the French answer to the policies of European multiculturalism.
d. A leader of a French movement to restrict the immigration of Muslims into France

Answer 33

A satirical magazine in whose offices several people were gunned down by Islamist gunmen

Question 34

Contrary to public perceptions, immigrants from North Africa in France have been broadly secular and indeed, often hostile to religion.
True/False

Answer 34

True

Question 35

The majority of the people of North African origin in France are immigrants.
True/False

Answer 35

False

Question 36

The riots of 2005 in France were a result of:

a. Social discrimination, unemployment, and police brutality experienced by the second generation of North African immigrants
b. Anger on the part of French citizens toward North African immigrants who were perceived as taking away French jobs
c. An intolerance for cultural differences within French society
d. Failed multicultural policies that led France to change to assimilationist ones

Answer 36

Social discrimination, unemployment, and police brutality experienced by the second generation of North African immigrants

Question 37

Unfortunately, the French riots of 2005, and the disaffection they expressed, were perceived less as a response to racism by North African immigrants than an expression of Islam’s growing threat to France.
True/False

Answer 37

True

Question 38

As a result of the French riots of 2005, North African immigrants and their descendants were treated in a “multicultural” way and perceived as a single community, and primarily Muslim at a time when most North African immigrants and their descendants were overwhelmingly secular
True/False

Answer 38

True

Question 39

French politicians have attempted to reestablish a sense of French national identity

a. By common values all French citizens share
b. Primarily by sowing hostility toward symbols of alienness – by banning the burqa, for example, in 2010
c. By accepting North African citizens as fully French citizens
d. Fully acknowledging the discrimination and racism North African citizens have faced

Answer 39

Primarily by sowing hostility toward symbols of alienness – by banning the burqa, for example, in 2010

Question 40

Estranged from their parents’ more mainstream Islamic culture as much as they are estranged from French society, some French North Africans have

a. Turned to Islamism, and a few have expressed their rage through jihadist violence
b. Attempted to become elected to the French Parliament where they can effect some change on France’s policies regarding citizenship
c. Reestablished a strong sense of identity with Islamic culture
d. Demonstrated their strong sense of identity with French culture

Answer 40

Turned to Islamism, and a few have expressed their rage through jihadist violence

Question 41

At the same time French working-class societies have felt

a. Pushed out by the deindustrialization and gentrification of the urban centers,
b. Distanced from the economic and decision-making centers
c. They live in a state of social non-integration, and have thus come to feel excluded, too
d. All of the above

Answer 41

All of the Above

Question 42

Today, however, both French North Africans and French working-class societies are
expressing their grievances through identity politics where in their own ways, racist populism and radical Islamism are each expressions of a similar kind of social disengagement in an era of identity politics.
True/False

Answer 42

True

Question 43

The authors of this article believe that multiculturalism and assimilationism are mutually exclusive and that countries looking to these policies will have to choose one or the other.
True/False

Answer 43

False

Question 44

According to our authors, real integration, whether of immigrants or of indigenous groups, is rarely brought about by the actions of the state; it is shaped primarily by civil society, by the individual bonds that people form with one another, and by the organizations they establish to further their shared political and social interests.
True/False

Answer 44

True