Failed Questions - All Flashcards
Tegretol (carbemazapine) is used to treat?
Used for to treat seizures
Paradoxical Techniques and Ordeals (Define and Associate)
Strategic Family Therapy
Haley and Mandanes
A directive that is aimed at making the sxs harder to keep than give up. The ordeal requires the family member(s) to do something they do not want to do, but is something that would benefit them in some way.
Milton Erickson and Jay Haley
Carol Gilligan’s model of moral development in the last stage emphasizes what?
Avoiding harm to oneself and to others
First stage of Carol Gilligan’s model of moral development focuses on what?
Care for Self
Second stage of Carol Gilligan’s model of moral development focuses on what?
Care for Others
Third stage of Carol Gilligan’s model of moral development focuses on what?
Care for everyone including the self
Employees with a high need of achievement are:
1) More concerned with personal accomplishment than with obtaining praise or recognition
2) They like to receive frequent and concrete feedback about their job performance
3) They usually prefer to work alone or with others who are in need for achievement
4) They prefer moderate levels of risk (not risk takers, not gamblers)
When working with older adults remember…
There is greater variability among older adults than younger people across a range fo characteristics
What percentage of left-handed people are left-hemisphere dominant for language?
50-60%
When a psychologist’s work with clients is supervised what must happen?
The client must be told about the arrangement and, when the supervisor has legal responsibility for the case, must also be given the supervisor’s name
Social comparison theory’s predictions about behavior are particularly applicable to…
Situations that involve uncertainty (i.e. lack objective standards)
What type of affect is more associated with suicide?
Constriction of affect
What medical illness might put people are higher risk for suicide
peptic ulcer
When are high fear arousal approaches to opinion change effective?
When the fear is accompanied by information about what actions to take to reduce or avert dangerous consequences.
What is the Leiter-3 used for?
Culture-fair measure of cognitive abilities
ITPA stands for?
Illinois Test of Psycholinguistics Abiliites
Haptic Intelligence is used for?
To measure intelligence for individuals how are blind or partially sighted
The GATC stands for what?
General Aptitude Test Battery and is used to assess aptitudes relevant for a variety of occupations for the purpose of vocational counseling.
A test is administered to 200 examinees and the distribution of the raw scores is normal. If the examinee’s raw scores are converted to percentile ranks, the number of examines who obtain percentile ranks between 91 and 95:
Will be equal to the number of examinees who obtain percentile ranks between 51 and 55.
Cognitive therapists focus on what during the initial stage?
Establish a good working alliance.
Increased anxiety in feared situations with a trusted companion is indicative of what Dx over what Dx?
Social Anxiety over Agoraphobia
In Social Anxiety disorder a trusted companion can make the anxiety worse, with agoraphobia it can actually help,
Fideler and Garcia’s (1987) cognitive resource theory predicts that the relationship between the leader intelligence and the leaders effectiveness is moderated by:
The leader’s stress level.
Predicts:
1) a leader’s intellectual ability correlates positively with performance in low-stress situations but negatively in high stress
2) A leaders experience correlated negatively with performance in low-stress but positively in high-stress situations.
Ritalin should not be used to diagnose children for ADHD as…
The effects of ADHD are similar for children with out without the disorder.
It is called a paradoxical effect.
What three issues are involved with a duty to protect?
1) A fiduciary relationship
2) An identifiable victim
3) Foreseeability of harm
A dismissing attachment is typical of a mother that…
Describes her parents in positive terms but either reports negative interactions with her parents or says she cannot recall any early interactions with them
Without rehearsal, information is held in short-term memory for a brief period of time. According to inference theory this is due to…
A limited capacity.
Interference refers to the displacement of items in memory by more recently perceived information and its attributable to the limited capacity of short term memory.
What term describes the loss of short term and long term memories over time?
Trace decay
What analysis is used to analyze the effects of one or more independent variables on two or more dependent variables that are each measured on an interval scale.
MANOVA
What analysis is used to statistically remove the effects of an extraneous variable.
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA).
What analysis is used to correct for extraneous variables when the confounding variable is treated as another IV?
Randomized block ANOCA 0 requires the participants to be “blocked” or grouped
Holophrastic speach
Use of one word to convey a whole sentence.
Usually between 1-2 years of age
Overextension
Child applies a word to a wider meaning than appropriate.
Telegraphic Speech
Stringing two or more words to form a sentence
Kappa statistic
Correlating the scores of two or more raters to measure inter rated reliability.
Coefficient Alpha
Measure of internal consistency reliability.
Spearman-Brown Formula
Used when shortening or lengthening a test to understand the effects on the reliability coefficient
Why use Taylor Russel Tables?
And what do you need to calculate?
To find a predictors “positive hit rate.”
You need:
1) The base rate
2) The selection ratio
3) The predictors reliability coefficient
According to equity theory, when will a husband feel best about his marriage?
When he perceives his give/receive ratio to be equal to his wife.
Has positive effects on satisfaction and motivation.
Describe path-goal theory
Contingency leadership style as it purports the best style depends on the nature of the situation.
Characteristics of the task:
-Level of ambiguity, structure
Characteristics of workers:
-Traits and abilities
What happens to the standard error of the mean as the sample size increases?
It decreases
What is the standard error of the mean?
Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean.
It is equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size.
Side effects of lithium carbonate (first starting drug)?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain
Elements of Becks cognitive triad?
Negative beliefs about self, future and world that aren’t going to change.
Horizontal Declage
Gradual development that occurs within a stage.
Four sources of self efficacy beliefs according to Bandura?
1) Prior Accomplishments
2) Observations of others
3) Verbal persuasion
4) Emotional and physiological states
Bulimia Nervosa Key Sx
Binge eating with recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors (purging, diuretic use, excessive exercising) for at least 3 months.
Symbolic racism is rooted in?
The belief that members of minority groups violate American values.
1 reason for license revocation?
Loss of license in another jurisdiction.
Next sexual misconduct with an adult.
Escape Conditioning and Avoidance Conditioning both do what?
Increase behavior because performance of the behavior results in the removal or termination of a stimulus (negative reinforcer).
Avoidance Conditioning
Avoidance conditioning is similar to escape conditioning. The difference is that a CS is given before the presentation of an aversive stimulus. For example, a light may precede the shock by a few seconds. What does the animal do under this new setup? At first, its behavior is no different than it was for escape conditioning. Namely, it jumps the barrier when the shock is delivered. Soon, however, it begins to jump before the shock. It jumps when the light comes on and thus avoids the shock. Also, unlike escape conditioning, the animal settles down emotionally. Dogs quit yelping, and calmly jump to the other side when the CS comes on.
Escape Conditioning
Escape conditioning is a form of aversive conditioning. The word aversive refers to stimuli that are avoided. Generally, those stimuli are unpleasant or painful. Escape conditioning occurs when an aversive stimulus is presented and an animal responds by leaving the stimulus situation.
(Rat jumps over wall to escape shock).
Tiedeman and O’Hara emphasize what in their career model?
Ego.
It is classified as a cognitive-developmental theory along with Erikson, Bruner, Piaget and Allport.
It views career development as being an aspect of ego identity development and a process that continues throughout the lifespan.
What is the Heinz Dilemma and who came up with it?
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. Should you steal a drug or not steal a drug to save your wife.
Traditional psychoanalysis views transference as a form of?
Resistance
Transference is a key component of psychoanalysis, and the interpretation of a client’s transference helps guide him or her to insight.
The more statistical comparisons made within a research study increases what type of error?
Type I
Why would you use a MANOVA?
A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is used to simultaneously assess the effects of one or more independent variables on two or more dependent variables.
Define Type I Error
A Type I error is a type of error that occurs when a null hypothesis is rejected although it is true. The error accepts the alternative hypothesis, despite it being attributed to chance. Also referred to as a “false positive”.
Define Type II Error
A type II error is a statistical term used within the context of hypothesis testing that describes the error that occurs when one accepts a null hypothesis that is actually false. The error rejects the alternative hypothesis, even though it does not occur due to chance. Or Called false negative).
What does the research say about parental depression and effects on children (genetic).
A biological parent with depression increases the risk for the offspring to have depression. The risk is equal with one or two parents having depression.
Define acrostic
An acrostic is made up of words beginning with the first letter of each word or phrase that is to be remembered. “My very educated mother just sent us nachos.” Is an acrostic for the planets in the solar system).
Define the keyword method memory device
The keyword method is a mnemonic that is used for paired tasks in which two words must be linked. It involves creating an image for each word and visually joining the two images. To remember the word church in French (eglise), you could form an image of a church with a giant egg outside the doors.
Define chunking as a memory strategy
Grouping related items of information. To recall 21 numbers you might chunk them into groups of three. It is useful for maintaining information in working memory.
Byrne’s Law of Attraction emphasizes what?
Attitude similarity
People who have similar attitudes to us reinforce our perceptions of the world and consequently are associated with positive feelings that increase our attraction to them.
What does it mean when factors in a matrix are “oblique”?
The correlation coefficient for ay two factors is greater than zero.
If the correlation coefficient for any two factors in a factor matrices is equal to zero it is called?
Orthogonal (uncorrelated).
What type of genetic inheritance is responsible for Huntington’s, Marfans, and Von Willebrand?
Autosomal dominant
3/4 of relapses can be attributed to?
Negative emotional states, interpersonal conflicts, and social pressure
Urges and temptations only account for 11%
Older adults are at a high risk for _______________ with risk increased by medical illness and surgery.
Dilerium
Should parents be given records?
No…view but not given. Provider transfer better.
IPS for Helms’s disintegration phase?
Suppression of information and ambivalence
IPS for Helm’s Contact Status
Obliviousness and denial
Name and IPS for Helm’s last stage?
Autonomy
IPS: Flexibility and Complexity
IPS for Helm’s reintegration stage?
Selective Perception and Negative Out Group Distortion
Conflict resolved for idealizing White society and denigrating minority group members
Circular questions are used in family therapy for?
Recurrent family patters and interconnectedness of family members
Lineal questions in family therapy are used for…
Identify family problems and assume a cause and effect relationship
Why use strategic questions in family therapy?
To challenge and foster change
Why are reflexive questions used in family therapy?
Foster reflection so new options can be explored.
What four emotions can 3–4 month olds express with their facial expressions?
Interest
Sadness
Distress
Disgust
What age do infants express anger, joy, fear, surprises
6-8 months
Key Sx of intermittent explosive disorder
According to the DSM_5, intermittent explosive disorder is characterized by impulsive and aggressive outbursts. These outbursts can be in the form of verbal tirades or physical aggression. These outbursts are impulsive, not premeditated and extremely difficult to predict. Additionally, the outbursts happen without trigger or are not proportionate to the preceding trigger or stressor. To qualify for diagnosis, outbursts must occur about twice a week for at least three months (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
Higher order conditioning
C.S. is paired with US until CR is established, subsequently a second CS is paired with the original C.S. until it also exhibits a CR
Sue and Sue describe two types of survival mechanisms used by African Americans with White?
Uncle Tom
Playing it cool
What would an MMPI-2 profile look like with random responding (or alternating TF)?
High scores on many of the clinical scales and a very high F
Define proband in a genetics study
The starting point, the person identified as the concern or holding the genetic issue
Which therapeutic approach is the best for short term gains with Bullemia?
How about long term?
CBT
CBT and IPT equally effective in long term for eating behaviors, attitudes towards shape and weight
Generally the first stage in LG identity development involves?
Feeling different than same gender peers
What should you do in order to maximize the multiple hurdles approach to personnel selection?
Predictors must be ordered in a logical manner (eg, easiest to hardest)
Define Proband
a person serving as the starting point for the genetic study of a family
What treatments show the best gains for Bulimia Nervosa in the short term?
Long Term?
CBT
CBT and IPT (similar effects on eating behaviors and attitudes towards weight and shape)
First stage of G/L identity development involves what?
Recognizing that he/she is different from same gender peers.
(Sensitization Stage - Troiden) occurs before puberty
What is important in doing a multiple hurdles approach to personnel selection?
The order in which the predictors are administered.
When reinforcing two behaviors and your remove one reinforcer what occurs?
What is this known as?
Increase in the the other behavior.
Behavioral Contrast
Can a psychologist compensate a newspaper employee for publicity?
No.
When is uninvited in-person solicitation of business by a psychologist permitting?
During disaster or community outreach
Define self-in-relation therapy?
Part of feminist theory that emphasizes the role of the mother-son versus mother-daughter relationship in creating gender differences in behavior.
How would you assess the reliability of a characteristic that fluctuates in severity or intensity over time?
Coefficient of internal consistency
What is the coefficient of equivalence useful for?
Used when equivalent forms of validity are used. Most cases used at different time points.
When is the coefficient of stability used?
When using test-retest reliability.
Define precocious puberty
Development of secondary sex characteristics prior to age 8 in girls and 8.5 in boys
What system is linked to precocious puberty?
Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis
What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis associated with?
Stress and Anxiety
What is the hippocampal-anterior axis involved in?
Memory (especially episodic)
What is the brain’s reward pathway down as?
Mesocorticolimbic-Dopaminergic System
Where is the superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located?
Hypothalamus
What structure is responsible for controlling circadian rhythms?
superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) within the hypothalamus
Parten defined nonsocial play into what types?
Unoccupied
Onlooker
Solitary
Parten defined social play into what types?
Parallel
Associative
Cooperative
What should you do if you cannot stand the political views of your client?
Refer to other therapists
Not required to see every client
What should you use when the goal of testing is to determine the amount of content an individual has mastered?
Criterion-referenced (or content referenced) such as a percentage score
What type of scoring would you use for norm-referenced scores on how one individual stands compared to another?
Stanine Scores
What is an expectancy table?
Used when one measure (predictor) is sued to predict performance on another measure (criterion)
It is a criterion-referenced intepretation
Define detouring
Who created term?
When two partners avoid conflict between each other by focusing attention on helping or blaming a child?
Minuchin
What are three types of rigid triads as defined by Minuchin
Detouring
Stable Coalition
Triangulation
Define reframing
Paradoxical technique that involves providing an alternative meaning for a behavior so it can be seen from another prespective
Define Stable Coalition
When a parent and child consistently “gang up” against the other parent
Define Triangulation
When both parents attempt to get the child to side with him or her
What does an elevated L scale on the MMPI-2 indicate?
Lack of insight into their own behavior
What does an extremely low K (Correction) Scale indicate?
Acute psychological distress
What does a high score on the VRIN Scale on the MMPI-2 indicate?
Inconsistent reporting
What does a low L score mean on the MMPI-2?
Marking most or all items as true
What should you do if you suspect a colleague of violating ethical guidelines?
Either handle the situation informally or file a report, depending on what you believe is the most appropriate
Define base rate fallacy
Tendency to ignore relevant statistical date when making a probability judgment and try to rely, instead on irrelevant information
Define the Von . Restorff Effect
The tendency to remember very unusual or unique objects or events
Define the Forer Effect
Also known as the Barnum effect, the tendency to accept a very vague or general description of oneself (horoscope) as an accurate description
Define the availability heuristic
The tendency to focus on the most salient or affectively charged aspects of a stimulus or situation
What is the correction for attenuation formula used for?
To estimate what a predictor’s criterion-related validity coefficient would be if the predictor and/or criterion had a reliability coefficient of 1.0
What are the three processing subtests on the WAIS-IV?
Symbol Search
Coding
Cancellation
TBI, mild Alzheimer’s dementia, and ADHD would all score low on what index?
Processing Speed Index
If a court determines that a procedure is having adverse impact it should…
Only use the procedure if there is evidence that it is valid and there are no alternative procedures.
What approaches do Sue and Sue recommend for American Indian/Alaskan Native Clients?
Combination of client-centered and behavioral approaches
Define A-not-B error
Children reach for an object when it is partially hidden but stop when it is fully hidden
At what age do infants begin to search fo a hidden object but reach for the object in the last place they found it even when they have seen the object moved to another location?
8 - 12 mo
How is short term memory believed to be encoded?
Acoustically
If shown T most likely to make the error by recalling D (sounds alike)
What is the general ethical rule regarding publication credit for a dissertation?
Student must be listed first unless exceptional circumstances occurred
Timeliness is one consideration
Fiedler’s Theory defined low-LPC as what type of orientation?
Task Oriented
Fiedler’s Theory defined high-LPC as what type of orientation?
Person Oriented
When are low-LPC leaders effective?
In extreme situations (situations very high or very low in favorableness)
When are high-LPC leaders effective?
In moderately favorable situations
What stage of Freud’s psychosexual development does a person feel guilt as a result of conflict between his or her unacceptable desires and a fear of being punished for those behaviors?
Phallic
Which stage in Freud’s psychosexual development is energy not focused on a particular part of the body?
Latency with emphasis on developing social skills
What does successful completion of the genital stage result in?
Desire if blended with affection to produce mature sexual relationships
What stage does the Oedipal or Electra conflict occur in Freud’s psychosexual development?
Phallic Stage
Sternberg’s Triarchic Model defined intelligence has having three components…
Analytical
Creative
Practical
Toddlers with mothers that have severe depression tend to have children that are….
Passively noncompliant with low levels of independence
How effective is single session Psychological Debriefing?
Not effective for PTSD and may exacerbate PTSD symptoms
Critical features of Social Anxiety Disorder
Marked fear or anxiety of fear or scrutiny by others in one or more social situations that is out of proportion to the actual threat posed by the situation.
Add performance only - if speaking in public
Critical features of panic disorder
Sudden unexpected panic attacks (not linked to a specific stressor)
Critical features of Specific Phobia
Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation, (whereas Social Anxiety Disorder is related to a fear of scrutiny by others)
Critical features of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Extreme anxiety and worry about multiple events or activities and the anxiety and worry are not necessarily due to a fear of scrutiny of others
Decline of working memory from increasing age is primarily due to….
The negative impact of aging on the central executive
Baddeley proposed working memory has three components…
Visuospatial sketchpad
Auditory/Phonological Loop
Central Executive - directs attention and controls and coordinates the two other systems
Baddeley system that is responsible for reorganizing of information or coordination of information in the sensory and auditory channels
Central Executive
Damage to Cerebellum might result in what…
Loss of timing
Tapping figure after metronome stops
What type of data is used with a Kappa Statistic?
Data are nominal or ordinal (discontinuous)
What is the Kappa Statistic used for?
Inter-Rater Reliability with Discontinuous data (ordinal or nominal)
What two factors did Herzberg propose?
Hygiene
Motivational
Give an example of a hygiene factor according to Herzberg?
Job security, pay, benefits, relationships with co-workers, working conditions, and company policies
What do hygiene factors contribute to (Herzberg)
Dissatisfaction with inadaquate
What do motivational factors contribute to (Herzberg)
Satisfaction and motivation when they are adaquate
Give examples of motivational factors (Herzberg)
Nature of the work and opportunities for responsibility, achievement and promotion
What is the exosystem according to Bronfenbrenner?
Factors that indirectly influence the child such as parents workplace and social networks
Define Microsystem according to Bronfenbrenner?
Aspects of the child’s environment that affect them directly (school/home)
Define Mesosystem according to Bronfenbrenner?
Interactions between elements of the microsystem (interaction between school and home)
Give examples of the Macrosystem according to Bronfenbrenner
Cultural values and customs, economic system
What is the 5th system proposed by Bronfenbrenne?
Chronosystem
Are children that receive stimulants for ADHD at higher risk for addiction?
No, compared to those with ADHD that do not receive stimulants (they are at lower risk)
What is the link between ADHD and substance abuse mediated by?
Conduct problems
The probability of making a Type I error is equal to?
Alpha
What is a Type I error?
A true null hypothesis is rejected and probability is equal to alpha
What is the probability of retaining a true null hypothesis?
One minus alpha
What is Beta
Not set by researcher, refers to the probability of making a Type II error
What is a Type II error?
Retaining a false null hypothesis
What is power equal to?
One minus Beta
What is the probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis?
One minus Beta
What is the level of significance?
Set by the researcher prior to analyzing data and referred to as Alpha
Schizophrenia is different in developing vs industrial countries in terms of?
Developing: exhibit an acute onset, shorter clinical course, and complete remission of symptoms
Age, gender and symptom profiles did not differ significantly
When do you use Spearman rho?
Correlate two variables measured in terms of rank
What correlation would you use when both variables are measured on a continuous scale?
Person Product Moment Coefficient
What coefficient would you use to determine the correlation between two dichotomous variables?
Phi Coefficient
What type of coefficient would you use when one variable is continuous and one is a true dichotomy?
Point Biserial Correlation
Who is most associated with the self-control model of depression?
Rehm - focuses on processes of self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement
A lack of continent reinforcement is related to what condition?
Who was the person?
Depression
Lewinsohn
Most interpretations of the Bender-Gestalt are directed at?
Screening for brain damage
Kobasa proposed three components of hardiness…
What is it linked to?
Commitment - strong sense of commitment to their lives and work
Control - over or influence events they encounter
Challenge - view change as a positive challenge (stressful life events, personality and health)
Maintain good health under conditions of stress
What are the five situations in the DSM-V for Agoraphobia?
What must be associated with the situation?
1) Using public transportation
2) Being in Open Spaces
3) Being in Enclosed Spaces
4) Standing in line or being part of a crowd
5) Being Outside the Home
Escape might be difficult or help will be unavailable
Attempting to Fake Bad can be detected on the MMPI-2
with a very high F scale or a very low K score
Who did the study on effectiveness of psychotherapy?
Smith, Glass and Miller
What was the effect size of Smith, Glass and Miller on psychotherapy?
.85 or 80% average therapy client was better off than about 80% when compared to whose who needed but did not receive
Formula for Effect Size?
Effect Size = (Mean of Experimental Group - Mean of Control Group)/SD
What does an effect size of 0.0 mean?
50% of control group who would be below average person in the experimental group
What does an effect size of 1.0 mean?
84% of the control group would be below the average person in the experimental group
In a normal distribution what percentage of cases fall below the score that is one SD above the mean?
84%
Key features of borderline personality disorder?
Instability of interpersonal relationships, self image, and affect
Marked impulsivity
Define illusions
Misperceptions of reality (e.g., misperceiving a coffee mug as a rodent
(Must be an actual stimulus)
MS symptoms of numbness, weakness, tremor and ataxia are due to?
Demylenation
What are the two stages in feature integration theory?
Preattentive - basic attributes of an object received in parallel (edges, size, color)
Attentive - features are glued together into coherent whole image though a serial process that depends on focal attention
Describe Bowen’s concept fo differention
The greater a person’s differentiation the better he/she is able to resist becoming emotionally fused with other family members
Describe Mahler’s separation-individuation phase?
Differentiation between object and self
When might a person be more willing to act aggressively or in other characteristic ways when acting as a member of a group than when acting alone?
When they experience a state of anonymity
Two neurotransmitters involved in pleasurable effects of cocaine?
Dopamine and Serotonin
When does a contrast effect occur?
When the evaluation of an applicant is affected by a previous applicant (e.g., previous applicant was bad, a mediocre applicant is likely to be evaluated more favorable than if the previously scored applicant was excellent
When does the fundamental attribution bias occur?
The tendency to attribute the behaviors of others to dispositional (versus situational) factors
Which hemisphere is specialized for language?
Left
What distinguishes between a classic and common migraine?
Classic begins with an aura
What type of seizure is characterized by loss of consciousness without prominent motor symptoms
Petit mal (absence)
What type of seizure is characterized by a sudden loss of muscle tone that causes the person to fall down?
Atonic
What type of seizure is characterized by jerky movements?
Clonic
What type of seizure starts with only one side fo the body being affected and does not cause a loss of consciousness?
Simple Partial (beings on one side of the brain)
Two possible effects of vicarious learning…
Proposed by…
Inhibition and Disinhibition
Bandura
An aha moment is called what?
By who?
Insight learning
Kohler
Instrumental learning is also known as…
conditioning…
Behavior is followed by reinforcement or punishment…operant conditioning
What is job satisfaction most related to?
Directly related to the tendency toward positive or negative affect which is a stable characteristic
What is an additive task?
Coordinated efforts of several people add together to form the group product
What is a compensatory task?
Average contributions will represent the group product
What is a disjunctive task?
The solution of one member of the group is chosen by the group to represent the group
What is a conjunctive task?
The performance of the least competent member places a limit on the group’s product or performance.
E.g., mountain climbing
When a predictor’s reliability coefficient is .81, its criterion related validity can be?
No greater than the square root of the reliability coefficient (or no greater than .90)
What is the serial position effect?
Tendency to recall items at the beginning and end of the list when recall begins immediately after the list
Explained by STM and LTM
What behavioral process explains systematic desensitization?
Extinction
A child with insecure/avoidant pattern of attachment shows…
little distress when separated from his/her mother and turns away from her when she returns
What are the attachment types described by Ainsworth?
Secure
Insecure/Ambivalent
Insecure/Avoidant
Disorganized/Disoriented
Delusional Disorder key sx
Delusions continue despite evidence and the delusions are circumscribed (only impacts fx related to delusions)
One month
Acute Stress Disorder key sx
Requires exposure to an actual or threatened death, severe injury, or sexual violation
At least 9x sx from categories intrusion, negative mood, dissociative sx, avoidance sx, arousal sx
Conversion Disorder key sx
Requires disturbance involuntary motor or sensory fx that suggests a serious neuro or medical condition without physical cause
Hypoglycemia Sx
Intense hunger Headaches Anxiety Dizziness Weakness Heart palpitations Confusion
Hyperthyroidism Sx
Heat intolerance Tachycardia Hyperactive Reflexes Distractibility Impaired Problem Solving
Hyperglycemia Sx
Polydipsia Polyuria Polyphagia (excessive hunger) Fatigue Weight Loss Recurrent Infections
Hypothyriodism
Cold Intolerance Bradycardia Fatigue Mental Slowing Decreased Libido
Superordinate Goals are useful for…
Reducing intergroup conflict
MAOI + Aged Cheese =
From?
Hypertensive Crisis
Tyramine
What happens during aging to our focal points?
Called?
When?
Our near focal point will move away from our eyes
Presbyopia
40+
What causes shrinkage in test construction?
Cross-Validation
Define shrinkage in terms of test construction?
Reduction in the magnitude of a measure’s criterion-related validity coefficient
When does a test have differential validity?
A test has differential validity when it has different validity coefficients for different group
Define incremental validity?
The increase in decision making accuracy that results from the use of a predictor.
Define cross validation?
Validating a predictor with a new sample
Usually results in a lower validity coefficient
Which hemisphere controls language?
Left
Brain structure that is implicated in SAD
Suprachiasmatic Nucleaus
Is changing schools beneficial for peer rejection or peer neglect?
Peer Neglect
Phallic Stage (Freud) = _______ Erikson
Initiative vs Guilt
Ages 3-6
Latency Stage (Freud) = _______ Erikson
Industry vs Inferiority
Ages 6 - 11
Anal Stage (Freud) = _______ Erikson
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Ages 1 -3
Oral Stage (Freud) = _______ Erikson
Basic Trust vs Mistrust
Birth - 1 Year
In contrast to effectiveness research, efficacy research…. in terms of validity
Better internal validity but limited external validity
Define concurrent validity
Concurrent validity is a type of Criterion Validity. If you create some type of test, you want to make sure it’s valid: that it measures what it is supposed to measure. Criterion validity is one way of doing that. Concurrent validity measures how well a new test compares to an well-established test. It can also refer to the practice of concurrently testing two groups at the same time, or asking two different groups of people to take the same test.
What is the 80% rule?
EEOC’s employee selection procedures, to determine if a selection or test is discriminating against a protected group
Who do you calculate the 80% rule?
If the proportion of the minority group applicants who are selected is less than 80% of the proportion of majority group applicants.
Difficulties in phonological processing have been linked to what disorder?
Reading Disabilities (Dyslexia) Other learning disorders
Research by Brown and Madan-Swain (1993) found that which of the following is true about treatments for childhood leukemia?
Chemotherapy and irritation are both associated with neurocognitive deficits.
Define Sleep Effect
The tendency to remember a message over time but to forget its source
Define Gambler’s Fallacy
The belief that a particular chance event is affected by the occurrence of previous events
Define Illusory Correlation
Overestimate the link between two events that are unrelated or only slightly related
More likely to occur when other variables are distinctive (occur relatively infrequently)
Define false consensus bias
Overestimate the number of people who share one’s beliefs, opinions and attitudes
Define Base Rate Fallacy
Focus on a specific case rather than general information when reaching a conclusion or making a judgment
Define Self-Perception Theory
Theory predicts that, in ambiguous situations, a person’s self-attributions are based on observations of cues in the external environment (e.g., the behavior of others)
Long-term exposure to media violence has been shown to do what…
- Decrease in empathy and concern for victims
- Judge aggressive retaliation more positively than those that do not view
- Overestimate the amount of violence in society as well as the likelihood of becoming a victim
Define Fundamental Attribution Bias
Tendency to attribute another person’s behavior to dispositional factors
Define Confirmation Bias
Focusing on seeking out information that confirms our preconceptions
Self Sering Bias
Tendency to take credit for our successes (dispositional attributions) while blaming our failure on others or the circumstances (situational attributions)
Heterosexism
An ideological system that denies, denigrates and stigmatizes among nonheterosexual forms of behavior, identity, relationships, or community. Combination of the individual (psychological) and cultural heterosexism to violence against lesbians and gay men. (Herek)
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
Central - results in more persistent attitude change as well as attitudes that are more predictive of behavior
Peripheral rely on environmental cues (length of message or attractiveness)
Note - immediate (ST) effects - both can produce the same amount of attitude change
EML - Central
Active, Effortful Cognitive Processing (cognitive elaboration)
- Neutral or negative mood
- Message important or personally relevant
- People with high need for cognition (think carefully about issues)
EML - Peripheral
Reliance on simple decision-making rules
(Person delivering the message is good looking)
Receiver is in a positive mood
Theory of Planned Behavior (3 elements)
Behavioral Intention
a. person’s attitude in engaging in the behavior
b. what the person believes other people think about the behavior
c. the person’s perceived behavioral control
Hedonic Relevance
Potential source of bias when making attributions about the behaviors of another person and refers to the extent to which the other person’s behavior has positive or negative consequences for us
Double-blind communication
“mixed message” (e.g., contradictory verbal and nonverbal behavior)
Psychological reactance
Do the opposite of what is requested by another person because of loss of freedom
Used in family therapy to promote behavior change
Symbolic Racism
Tendency to support equality as an abstract principle while opposing concrete methods to achieve it
Scapegoat theory
From frustration-aggression hypothesis and proposes that prejudice is the result of displaced aggression
In order for contact hypothesis to work…
members of both groups have = status and power
provided with opportunities to disconfirm negative stereotypes
Crowded situations and gender
Men are more stressed and will react more aggressively and negatively
Balance Theory (3 elements)
People prefer to have consistent cognitions and will be motivated to change a cognition in order to reduce disequilibrium they feel when they experience the inconsistency
Relationship between three elements:
a. the person
b. another person
c. third person, object, event or activity
Social Judgment Theory
a. latitude of acceptance
b. latitude of non-commitment
c. latitude of rejection
If high ego involvement = less likely to be persuaded (latitude of rejection is large)
Self Perception Theory
Predicts that we evaluate our internal state by looking at our external behavior
Autokinetic Effect
a phenomenon of visual perception in which a stationary, small point of light in an otherwise dark or featureless environment appears to move
Sherif used to study conformity to group norms
Referent Power
Person is admired, liked or respected and/or viewed as a role model
Six bases of power (French and Raven)
Coercive Reward Expert Referent Legitimate Informational
When is the attitude change the greatest in terms of discrepancy?
Initial level of discrepancy is moderate and when the communicator is mildly to moderately credible
Point Biserial
Correlation Coefficient is appropriate when one variable represents a true dichotomy and the other is an interval or ratio (continuous scale)
Pearson r
Correlation coefficient when both variables are measured on an interval or ratio scale
phi coefficient
Both variables are true dichotomies
Contingency Coefficient
Determine the degree of association between two nominal variables
Discriminant function analysis
Used to predict or estimate a person’s status on a single nominal criterion from two or more predictors
Path Analysis
Causal modeling technique that is an extension of multiple regression
Used to test the veracity of a causal theory or model
Must involve one-way causal flow
Multiple Regression
Predict status on a single continuous criterion on two or more predictors
Canonical correlation
Two more predictors to predict status on two or more continuous criteria
Eta
Used to determine the degree of association between two continuous variables when their relationship is nonlinear
LISREL
More complex than path analysis and not only includes 1 and 2 way paths but also takes into account both observed variables and the latent traits those variables are believed to measure
Trend Analysis
Form of ANOVA
Used then the IV is quantitative
Determines whether there is a significant linear or non-linear effect of the IV on the DV
Single Sample Chi Square vs Multiple Sample Chi Square
Chi square - analyze data from a descriptive study that has a single variable measured on a nominal scale
Multiple Samples Chi Square - Nominal Scale, more than one variable
Note sub variable for sample as a way to remember
Mann-Whitney U Test
2 IV groups and the data to analyze is ordinal scale of measurement
Wilcoxon Matched Pairs test
Used to compare the ranks obtained from two correlated matched groups
t-test for single sample
compare a sample mean to a known population mean
According to CLT the shape of the sampling distribtution of means approaches normal when…
the size of the sampling increases regardless of the shape of the population distribution of scores
Counterbalancing
Controls for carryover effects by presenting the different levels of IV to participants in a different order
Why use a Solomon four-group design?
When using a pretest so you can identify internal and external validity
Pretest is treated as an additional IV so effects on the DV can be systematically analyzed
If an F-ration for the interaction between two IV’s is statistically significant…
The effects of one IV are contingent on the level of the second IV
Define blocking (stats)
Allows the researcher to evaluate the main and interaction effects of the extraneous variable
The IV extraneous variable is treated like an IV
How does one cluster for sampling?
Randomly selecting pre-existing groups of individuals from the population
How does one do stratified random sampling?
Randomly selecting individuals from pre-defined groups in the population that are relevant to the research hypothesis
When would you use interval recording?
When studying behaviors that have no fixed beginning or end
Extraneous variables correlate with what?
The DV
Main difference between experimental and quasi-experimental research is…
Participants are randomly assigned to treatment groups
Interval scales allow what results…
Compare differences
Only type of measurement that allows for determining 2x as much as from A to B
Ratio
Yalom would do what if group members complain about others not disclosing and feeling defensive.
Encourage members to discuss the meaning of the conflict for them.
Person who experiences cataplexy as part of their narcoleptic attacks will need to avoid
Expressing strong emotions
Cataplexy
Bilateral loss of muscle tone usually triggered by strong emotions
Interoceptive Exposure
Exposure to bodily sensations associated with anxiety reactions
Basic premise underlying goal-setting theory
A person’s conscious goals and intentions regulate his or her actual behavior (goal acceptance is paramount)
Tulving divided memory into three types…
Procedural - learned skills and modifiable cognitive operations
Episodic - how things appeared and when they occurred
Semantic - all info we need to use language, involving words and the symbols for them, meanings, referents (what they represent) and rules for manipulating words and symbols such as rules of English Grammar, rules for adding and multiplying and chemical formulas
Describe parent’s gender stereotype impact on math ability…
Maternal and paternal stereotypes have an impact on the math interests of both boys and girls.
Dad = +interest for boys; - for girls
Mom = - for both
MMPI-2 Profiles for Mom’s going through custody avals and exhibited parental alienation syndrome
Elevated L and K
Low F
Babinkski Reflex
Stoke sole of infants foot, big toe bends backward and other toes fan out (ends at 8-12 mo, unknown fx)
Moro Reflex
Startle reflex, response to loud noise or sudden movement, baby throws his her head back, extends arms and legs, and bring arms and legs inward
Palmar Reflex
Also known as the palmar grasp reflex - object placed in the palm of an infant’s hand or his pal is stroked
Root Reflex
Baby’s mouth is touched and baby turns in the direction of the touch and opens mouth
Stanine Score
Nine-Point Scale
Reward Power
Makes use of rewards and incentives
Referent Power
Have employees that admire their leader
Nonsexist therapy and feminist therapy…
use unbias techniques and focus on personal growth
Motivator for Maslow
Ungratified needs (always from lower to higher)
ERG Theory
Existence - physiological and safety
Relatedness - social needs
Growth - Esteem and Self-Actualization Needs,
(Simplified ver of Maslow)
In his theory, you can regress to a lower level need
When is a response brought under stimulus control?
When the person learns to respond in situations in which reinforcement is likely but not in situations in which no reinforcement (or punishment) is likely.
Shaping
Type of reinforcement in which successive approximations to the desired response are reinforced
Overcorrection
Type of punishment
Application of a negative event or the removal of a negative event
Restitutional type - person is asked to do what a normal person would do to correct the situation (person experiences the effort needed to restore the situation)
Positive Practice Type - Repeatedly practices the behavior (put gum in mouth, remove, wrap in paper and throw in trash)
Reminiscence bump
Tendency for adults 65+ to have the largest number of memories for events that occurred between 10 & 30
Alpha Error is to False Positive as…
Beta Error is to…
False Negative
How does Haloperidol (Haldol)work?
Blocks dopamine receptors
Dopamine Antagonist
NT Systems related to Social Phobias
Serotonergic and Dopaminergic
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism
Sudden weight loss Tachycardia Increased appetite Nervousness, anxiety and irritability Tremor — usually a fine trembling in your hands and fingers Sweating Increased sensitivity to heat Fatigue, muscle weakness Difficulty sleeping
Symptoms of Raynaud’s disease
Restricted blood flow to fingers or toes
Pallor - pale look
Paresthesia - burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet
Pain
Hypoglycemia
Hunger, Dizziness and Depression
CBT with older adults
Effective if
- Slower Pace
- Higher levels of abstractions (usage and classification of specific examples, literal (“real” or “concrete”) signifiers, first principles, or other methods)
Informed Consent…
Requires psychologists to provide potential research participants with specific information in “reasonably understandable language” prior to consenting to participate.
Pygmalion Effect
Self Fulfilling or Rosenthal Effect - person’s expectations about another individual actually produce subtle changes in the behavior so that behavior confirms to expectation
Correspondence Bias
a.k.a. Fundamental Attribution Bias - tendency for observers to attribute another person’s behavior to dispositional (rather than situational) factors
Progressive-Waiting Approach
Keep waiting longer before returning to a crying child
Piaget attributed animistic thinking to what stage and to what characteristic
Preoperational
Egocentrism
Beck viewed interpretations and assumptions underlying a client’s problems as…
Testable hypotheses
Teraplegia results from injury to what level of the spine
C1-C7
Paraplegia
Damage to T9-T12
Some trunk control and maybe able to walk short distances with assistive device
Injury of S3-S5
Loss of bladder control and bowel control
Numbness in the perineum
What is the more commonly used term for Quadriplegia
Tetraplegia
Damage to lumbar level of spine
leg weakness and numbness
Situational Leadership Model…employee is both competent and confident
Delegating
Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Model matches what and what?
Leaderstyle to match “maturity level” of employee
-Ability and Motivation
Participatory leadership style works when
employees are moderate to high in maturity (are able but unwilling or insecure)
Telling Leadership Style
Low in maturity (both unable and unwilling/insecure)
When does code-switching occur?
When bilingual speakers go back and forth between languages during the course of a conversation as a way to better express themselves OR to express solidarity to one’s own culture
Under approach-avoidant conflict model, what happens as it gets closer to the time to implement
Positive and negative aspects increase but the negative aspects increase more
A person with a high level of achievement motivation will attribute failure to…
unstable internal factors or stable external factors
Cross - stage most likely to see a white therapist
Pre-Encounter
Leadership theory with a decision tree
Vroom-Yetto-Jago
Survey feedback method in an organization is used to…
provide employees with information about the organization’s strengths and weaknesses
Akathisia
Unpleasant feelings of physical restlessness
- Extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs
- Symptom of Parkinson’s disease
Dystonia
Spasms and contortions
Akinesia
Motor and psychic hypoactivity
Propranolol (Inderal) Side Effects
Bradycardia, Depression (insomnia, lassitude, fatigue), Nausea, vomiting and light-headedness
Beta Blocker
Five year old’s nighttime fear of dark treatment
Coping self-statements and positive imagery
Good et al, found that for male college students which subscale on the GRSC is most predictive os psychological distress
Restrictive Emotionality
Antisocial PD key feature
Disregard for and the violation of the rights of others
Lack of remorse
When does holophrastic speech begin?
12-18 months
When does telegraphic speech begin
18-24
Why are employee surveys conducted?
Evaluate employee attitudes and opinions about an intervention
A team working on an independent task…
a combination of group and individual goals result in better performance than individual goals
(Goal-Setting Theory)
Shaping depends on what…
positive reinforcement
What type of learning occurs without direct reinforcement?
Latent
Test for a 5 year old that is deaf
Hiskey-Nebraska
Halstead-Reitan
Screening test for brain damage that assesses sensorimotor, perceptual and language functioning
Kaufman Assessment Battery
Culturally fair measure of cognitive ability aged 2-18
Fagan Test
Infant Intelligence from 3 to 12 months of age
Delusional Disorder requires
One or more delusions for at least one month
Vineland-II
Assess for Intellectual Disability
Preparation Stage requires
Clear intent to take action in the near future
Contemplation Strage requires
Awareness for the need to change, considering it but not yet committed
Action stage requires
Taking steps to bring about the change
Maintenance Stage
Consolidates the change and take steps to prevent relapse
Interoceptive Expsoure
Involves exposure to bodily sensations associated with anxiety reactions
e.g., elevated heart rate, hyperventilation
By - inhale CO or spin in a chair
Premise underlying goal-setting theory
Person’s conscious goals and intentions regulate behavior
Consciousness raising, dramatic relief, and environmental re-evaluation assist from going from what state to what stage?
Precontemplation to contemplation
In comparison to popular children, less popular children tend to be…
Less intelligent
Less physically attractive
Less Cooperative
(But NOT less friendly or sociable)
Personality Traits x Biological sex:
Males - Antisocial PD
Females -
Histrionic
REM and dreaming
Most vivid dreams in REM
Non-Rem - less vivid and elaborate and more realistic
Somnolence
Stage 1 Sleep
Type of social power for therapists
Expert and Referent
Relationships between unemployment and mental health
rates of depression and other neurotic disorders are substantially higher among the unemployed than the employed (some studies find 2x higher rates)
BARS are anchored by
Critical Incidents
Relapse on smoking cessation
About two thirds of smokers who quit on their own or with the assistance of an intervention relapse within three months of quitting
What percentage of of smokers are successful each year?
2.5%
Left-Right confusion is likely caused by a legion in the…
Left parietal region specifically the left angular gyrus between the parietal and temporal lobes
Symptoms of Gerstmann’s Syndrome
Dysgraphia/agraphia: deficiency in the ability to write.
Dyscalculia/acalculia: difficulty in learning or comprehending mathematics.
Finger agnosia/anomia: inability to distinguish the fingers on the hand. Left-right disorientation
Describe Minuchin’s structural family therapy
Manipulative, unyielding and crisis provoking
Techniques - marking boundaries, escalating stress, utilizing symptoms, and manipulating moods
Health Belief Model
Perceived severity, perceived susceptibility and perceived benefits
What type of scores are best for mastery
Criterion Referenced Scores - Will tell you in absolute terms Right/Wrong
Ipsative
Forced choice - pick between two or more desirable options
Sue study of therapy effectiveness
Hispanic Americans, Anglos, Asian Americans and lastly African Americans
Drug for treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Cholinesterase inhibitors - reduce the breakdown of ACh
Parkinson’s disease - drug tx
Dopamine Ago ists
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) drug tx
Dopamine agonist
Restless leg syndrome drug tx
Dopamine Agonist
Paired Associate Task
Individual respond with one member of a pair when presented with the other pair - used for studying verbal learning
Serial learning tast
Learn a group of words in a particular order - used for studying verbal learning
% of co-occurrence of LD with ADHD
20-30 percent
LD co-diagnosis of what disorders
ADHD, Tourette’s Disorder, and/or mood disorder
Infantile Anesia
Memories prior to age 3-4 are limited and not completely gone
Ataxia
Symptom of MS characterized by impaired coordination and balance
In MS damage to cerebellum, dorsal spinal cord or vestibular system
Symptoms of MS
vision problems tingling and numbness pains and spasms weakness or fatigue balance problems or dizziness bladder issues sexual dysfunction cognitive problems
Standard Error of the Mean is increased by…
The SD of the population increasing
Formula for the Standard Error of the Mean
Population SD/Square Root of the sample size
What is the mechanism of action for drugs prescribed for Tourette’s Syndrome?
Blocking dopamine transmission
e.g., Haloperidol
What is Otitis Media (OM)?
Inflammation of the middle ear.
Can negatively impact school achievement through attention problems (especially with language, language deficits and school lower school achievement
What is advocacy consultation?
Focuses on social systems rather than individuals or small groups
“explicit value orientation that targets social change in the direction of power equalization.”
What will an insecure/ambivalent do in Strange Situation?
Hit or push mother when she approaches and continue to cry after she picks the child up
Inhalant Intoxication sx
Dizziness Nystagmus (rapid involuntary movement of the eyes) Incoordination Lethargy Depressed Reflexes Psychomotor retardation Muscle weakness Blurred Vision Stupor/Coma Euphoria Unsteady Gait Slurred Speech Tremor
Cannabis Intoxication
Increased appetite
Dry mouth
Tacycardia
Opioid Withdrawal
Nausea
Vomiting
Muscle aches
Stimulant Withdrawal
Fatigue
Vivid and unpleasant dreams
Increased appetite
Effects of head start?
Have benefits related to academic outcomes, social adjustment and employment
(IQ gains not maintained)
When would you use a domain-referenced score?
Determining an examinee’s level of masters on a particular content domain
(e.g., 70 out of 100 on math test)
When would you use a criteria-referenced score?
To predict performance on external criterion
Sensory compensation in deaf children…
Perform similarly to children without hearing deficits on most visual tasks
(Sensory compensation hypothesis not supported, due to use of sign language)
WAIS-IV Working Memory Subtests
Digit Span
Arithmetic
Letter-Number Sequencing
WAIS-IV Verbal Comprehension Subtests
Vocabulary
Similarities
Informaion
Comprehension
WAIS-IV Procssing Speed Subtests
Symbol Search
Coding
Cancellation
WAIS-IV Perceptual Reasoning Subtests
Block Design Matrix Reasoning Visual Puzzles Figure Weights Picture Completion
How is memory in sensory memory stored?
Coded in the form of the orginal stumulus
What is George Kelly known for…
Personal Constructs Therapy - bipolar dimensions of meaning that determine how a person perceives, interprets and predicts events
Constructivist Approach
Fritz Perls is associated with…
Gestalt Therapy
Victor Frankl is associated with…
Existential Therapy
William Glasser is associated with…
Reality Therapy
A researcher wants to compare the effects of four different prevention programs on willingness to use safe-sex practices for sexually active male and female adolescents. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of the four programs and six months later will be asked to indicate if they engaged in safe sex all of the time, some of the time, or never. What stats test do you use?
Multiple-sample chi-square test 2x IV (prevention program and gender) 1x DV (safe sex practices)
What approach was used to derive the big 5?
Lexical - Atheoretical and based on the assumption that socially-relevant personality traits have been incorporated into language
Started with the dictionary and did factor analysis
Sx of Substance Use Disorder
Impaired Control
Social Impairment
Risky Use
Pharmacological Criteria (tolerance and withdrawal)
Holland’s Occupational Themes
Job related behaviors are related to the similarities between basic personality and characteristics fo the work environment
Super’s Career Theory
Role of self-concept in vocational development and choice
Erg Theory
Motivation theory that has three basic needs: existence, relatedness and growth
Roe’s Career Theory
Relationship between childhood experience and occupational choice
What are the negative impacts of rotating shifts?
Fatigue
Concentration problems
Performance Errors
How do you reduce the negative effects of rotating shifts?
Rotate Clockwise either rapid (every three days) or slow (every three weeks)
You conduct a research study to assess the effects of TV violence on aggressive behavior. You plan to observe sixteen children during recess for three days and calculate their average number of aggressive acts. You will then have all children observe aggressive TV programs for 3 hours and again observe the children during recess for three days and calculate their average number of aggressive acts. What stats test?
t-Test of Correlated Samples
Collecting two means from same group of participants (related/correlated)
According to Gyorgy Gergely (1994), visual feature representation is a necessary precondition for…
Mirror self-recognition
Occurs between 1 1/2 to 2 years
Seen also in dolphins and elephants
Serial Position Effects is explained by what memory theory?
Multi-Store (three box) odel of memory
When is memory maximized with the processing model?
When information is coded semantically
Motor Milestones for three year old children include
pedaling a tricycle Kicking a stationary ball forward Throwing a ball overhand Going up stairs using alternate feet Running without falling
Motor Milestones for two year old children include
Climbing up on furniture
Walking alone
Walking up and down stairs one at a time
Catching a large ball using hands and chest
Motor Milestones for four year old children include
Hopping on one foot Standing on one leg Running to kick a ball Bouncing a ball going down stairs using alternate feet
Motor Milestones for five year old children include
Riding a scooter/bicycle Jumping Rope Hopping on alternate Feet Jumping over low obstacles Catching a ball with both hands and arms bent
Sx of stroke in middle cerebral artery in dominant hemisphere
Contralateral weakness and sensory loss in the arm and face and aphasia
(supplies blood to frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes)
Sx of posterior cerebral artery infarct
Memory impairment and cortical blindness with denial of the disability
Sx of anterior cerebral artery infarct
Contralateral weakness and sensory loss in the leg, amnesia and depression
When is dummy coding used?
So that categorical variables can be used in a multiple regression equation
Using the dimensions of emotion to compare anxiety and depression, anxiety invovles
Similar level of negative affect
Higher levels of both autonomic arousal and positive affect
What test provided Broadbent (1958) with support of his filter theory of attention?
Dichotic listening task
What do you do to identify the needs for retraining employees?
Conduct a needs assessment
What do you do to determine wages and salaries?
Conduct job evaluations
What is the outcome of a needs analysis?
Training objectives
What is a. personnel audit?
Part of an organizational assessment which is part of a needs assessment
Research on Tourette’s Syndrom has linked excessively active dopamine receptors in the….
Caudate Nucleus
Fx of Caudate Nucleus
Automatic Movement (hypersensitivity is linked to Tourette’s Syndrome)
When is risk of suicide the greatest with Bipolar Disorder?
When depressive sx have become less severe
bc of increased energy and planning ability
A child has just progressed into Kohlberg’s conventional level of moral development, has just been caught stealing from other children. What do you do?
Help her understand how the children she steals from feel about having their things taken
PTSD Sx Clusters
Intrusion Avoidance Cognition and Mood Arousal Reactivity
Describe hostile attribution bias
Aggressive children are more likely that non aggressive children to interpret the ambiguous actions of peers as intentionally hostile
Due to deficits in social information processing
Define overcorrection
Form of punishment and involves applying a penalty following an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior. It has two phases: restitution and positive practice
A researcher wants to compare the immediate and long-term effects of three different treatments for PTSD. Consequently, she randomly assigns individuals who were recently exposed to the same trauma to either EMDR, stress inoculation or in vivo exposure group and then assesses their symptoms one week, one month, and three months after the end fo treatment. What type of design is this?
Mixed - involves at least one between groups variable and one within-subjects variable
2 IV
1 between group (type of tx) and 1 within-subjects (time)
What is quality assurance focused one?
Quality of services provided
Which design involves administering each level of the IV to participants so that it appears the same number of times in each position (first, second, third)
Latin Square
What is a Latin Square Design?
Type of conterbalanced design that assusres that each Tx (level of IV) appears an equal n umber of times in each ordinal position
Factorial Design
2 or more factors each with discrete possible levels that takes into account all possible combinations of levels across all factors
Time Series Design
Single treatment group measured at multiple times
Solomon Design
Four group test, standardized pretest-posttest two group design and the post test only control design
Who described a. career concept that can be described as linear, expert, spiral or transitory
Brousseau and Driver
How did Tiedeman and O’Hara describe career theory?
Role of Ego as defined by Erikson that involves repetitive process of differentiation and integration
Which NT is responsible for the effects of alcohol on cognitive abiliities?
Glutamate
Memory impairment and blackouts
What NT is enhanced by alcohol and may contribute to increased socialility?
GABA (inhibitory)
Which NT is responsible for alcohol craving?
Serotonin
Spinal cord injury below the first thoracic vertebra will result in?
Paraplegia
Spinal cord injury above the first thoracic vertebra will result in?
Quadriplegia
Sx of ALS (amyotropic lateral scierosis)/Lou Gehrig’s Disease
Degenerative disease that leads to loss of muscle control and paralysis
Define myasthenia gravis
Grave muscle weakness
What areas of the body are most impacted by Myasthenia Gravis
Weakness in eye muscles facial expression Chewing Swallowing
Fibromyalgia Sx
muscular pain, stiffness, spasms
fatigue
GI Disorders
Depression
Huntington’s Disease
Hereditary disease with jerky movements, impaired memory/judgement and depression
Critical part of Bandura’s social cognitive theory?
Vicarious Learning
Critical part of Vygotsky;s Sociocultural theoy
Scaffolding - assistance given by learner by teacher within the learner’s zone of proximal development
Define equilibrium in terms of developmental theory and give author
Piaget’s constructivism - drive to achieve an optimal state of balance between one’s cognitive structures and the demands of the environment
Racial/Cultural ID Model - person who has contradictory appreciating and depreciating attitudes toward both his/her own culture and the dominant (majority) culture is in what stage?
Dissonance
Client-Centered Case Culsultation
Consultant assists the consultee with a particular client or student
Consultee-Centered
focus is on the consultee and the consultant helps the consultee acquire the knowledge or skills needed to work effectively with clients/students
Low in control and low in warmth
Rejecting/Neglecting
Most likely group to be antisocial and use alcohol, achieve low scores on cognitive tests
Low Control and High Warmth
Permissive/Laissez Faire Poor outcomes but not as bad as rejecting/neglecting Immature Impulsive Self Centered Low in achievement-orientation
High Control and Low Warmth
Athoritarian Aggressive Mistrusting Dependent Low Self Esteem Low academic achievement
High Control and High Warmth
Authoritative Best outcomes Mature Resilient Achievement Oriented Responsible Do well in school
Jigsaw classroom
Students work together to complete assignments
Help reduce intergroup hostility related to racial, ethnic or cultural differences
Complementary Transactions
Between unequals
Symmetrical transactions
Occurs between equals
Parallel transactions
Combination of complementary and symmetrical transactions
ADHD - confirm symptoms before what age and in how many settings?
12 and 2
Several inattentive or hyperactive symptoms present prior to 12
Bem thoughts…
Gender Schema Theory Conceptual frameworks (schemas) of M and F as the result of sociocultural experiences
What are quality circles (QC)?
Workers who make suggestions to management about solutions to working related problems
What do optimistic people do with negative events?
Attribute to external, specific and unstable (temporary) causes
Formative Evaluation
Guide the development of a. program so that the final version will maximize the likelihood that it will achieve its goals
Summative Evaluation
Conducted after a training program has been developed and administered to trainees to assess program outcomes
Needs assessment
conducted to determine if performance problems can be alleviated by providing training and to identify the content of the training
Telegraphic speech age
18-24 mo
Klinefelter’s syndrome genetics and Sx
XXY Small testicles Infertility Enlarged breast tissue scant facial and body hair Decreasedlibido
Vygotsky’s learning…
socially mediated then self mediated
Piaget’s Developmental Theory
Theory of genetic epistemology
Build cognitive structures in active and adaptive ways
Dewey’s Theory
Empahasizes experiential aspects of learning, learning is the result of our experiences and attempts to make sense of those experiences
Gagne’s Approach to learning
Instruction (information processing approach)
Focuses on learning outcomes
Depth perception
Combination both
binocular cues - short distances (retinal disparity)
monocular cues - greater distances (interposition - object blocked by another) (Linear perspective - tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge as they approach the horizon)
Reciprocal determinism
Bandura’s social learning theory - there is a reciprocal (interactive) relationship between a person’s
- behavior
- Personal Factors (cognition, affect, and biological events)
- Their environment
Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage - Ages
7 to 11
High LPC leaders focus on
Maintaining good interpersonal relationships
Low LPC Leaders
Task Oriented
Transductive (precausal) reasoning
Understanding cause and effect (limitation of preoperational stage)
Defered imitation does not occur until when and what develops
Mental representation after 18 mo
What is a mental shortcut or rule of thumb used to make decisions?
Heuristics
What was alcohol dependence replaced by in the DSM V
Alcohol Use Disorder
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
Pattern of culturally inappropriate and overly familiar behaviors with unfamiliar people with evidence that the behavior is related to the experience of extremely insufficient care
Acromatopsia
Complete loss of color vision from a lack of functioning cone cells
Autosomal recessive disorder
Color agnosia
inability to name or discriinate between colors
Akinetopsia
Inability to preceive moving objects
Propagnosia
Inability to recognize familiar faces
Normative-Reeductive Strategy
Based on premise that peer pressure and sociocultural norms are effective for promoting change
Facet Satisfaction (Lawler’s 1973)
Job satisfaction is affected by comparisons of one’s own inputs and the outcomes to the inputs and outputs of others
Optimal item difficulty (p) on a true false test?
.75
Half way between 100% of everyone answering the questions correctly and guessing by chance alone (.5)
Kernberg
Object relations view that early social relations impact future social relations
Presence of hygiene factors does what
Ensures that workers are not dissatisfied (will not make them satisfied)
Two factor theory by…and when does motiviation increase
As job responsibility and. autonomy increase
Outcomes for members of. the minority group are enhanced by what tow factors?
Credibility
Giving - normalization of the clients problems and instillation of hope
Communality
The proportion of variance accounted for by multiple factors in a single variable
What happens to social support and discussion of intimate topics in crowding?
They both go down
When is a central route of information processing used?
when the listener is motivated, relevance of the message affects motivation
Parkinson’s Personality
Melancholia
Introversion
Pessimism
Social Referencing
Mother looked to as as signal of safety as part fo the visual cliff experimental design for attachment studies
Tics for Tourette’s start on average from age what to what?
5 to 7
Vocal tics in Tourette’s start at what age?
11 years
Herbert Simon studied what?
Individual Decision Making
Pioneer in AI
What condition is biofeedback more efficacious than relaxation training?
Raynauds Disease
What is frame of reference training used for in organizations?
Increase rater accuracy
What is an advantage of resperidone?
Less likely to. produce extrapyramidal side effects
Drug for premature ejaculation
SSRI
What NT over produced can cause or exacerbate premature ejaculation?
Dopamine
Anosognosia
Deficit in self-awareness and more specifically awareness of one’s own symptoms
Most often caused by brain trauma that affects the right hemisphere of the brain
ECT SE
Patchy anterograde amnesia and temporary retrograde amnesia
To compare how well an examinee did on a test compared to otehr examinees you would use…
Norm-referenced interpretation
Criterion-Referenced Interpretation
Examinees performance is interpreted in terms of an external criterion (a specific standard of performance)
Centration
Focusing on only one aspect of a situation while neglecting others
Primary reason by preoperational children cannot conserve
Transductive reasoning
Part of preoperational stage
Tendency to see a causal relationship between events that occur in a sequence when none exists
Empirical Criterion Keying
Include items on the test that have been found to accurately distinguish between people who do and do not possess the traist measured by a scale or subtest
Gradually increasing the intensity or severity of punishment will reduce its effectiveness because of
habituation
Satiation
Reinforcer loses its reinforcing value because the person has received too much reinforcement
Sensitization (punishment)
Individuals’ response to a neutral (innocuous) stimulus increases after the individual has been exposed to a punishing (aversive) stimulus)
Prosopagnosia casued by legions in the
junction of the. occipital, temproal and parietal lobes
Strongest predictor of intellectual disability with unknown eitiology?
Low birth weight
Alcohol Withdrawal Sx
Hand tremor
Insomnia
Hallucinations
Seizures
Stimulant Withdrawl Sx
Dysphoric Mood
Vivid Dreams
Insomnia/hypersomnia
Increased appetite
Opiod Withdrawl
Dysphoric Mood
Pupillary Dialation
Insomnia
Fever
Tx for Agoraphobia
Must include in vivo exposure
eta squared
effect size (magnitude of a treatment effect) indicates the amount of variability in an outcome measure accounted for by the effects fo the treatment Square of the correlation coefficient
Cohen’s d
Effect size, measure of the mean difference between two groups
When do you get an F-ratio
Analysis of variance
Test for intelligence that does not rely on language
Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices
6 years and older
Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT)
Measure fo reasoning ability often used to determine placement in a gifted/talented program
Age in which most children express more favorable attitudes towards members of their own racial or ethnic group
4
Type of antidepressant most likely to. produce sedation
Tricyclics (Pamelor)
Examinee obtains a T-score fo 60. The raw distribution is normal. Mean of 45 and SD of 5. The percentile rank is?
84
T score of 60 is one SD above the mean
Drug for MDD with atypical features
MAOIs or SSRIs
If multiple relationship is unaviodable what do you do?
“take reasonable steps” to resolve in a way that protects the best interests of the affected person
Effects of Tx for pediatric acute lymphoblstic leukemia with cranial radiation or chemotherapy have found that…
either tx alone is associated with decreased intellectual fc and lower academic achievement
Largelhy irreversible and worsen over time
An essential feature of Korsakoff’s Syndrome is…
Confabulation
In contrast to Korsakoff’s Syndrome, Alzeheimer’s disease is associated with
A wider range of cognitive deficits
Psychologist administers a 100 item TF test to 50 examinees. The mean score distribution is 60 and the SD is 8. If the psychologist decides to correct each score using a correction for guessing formula that involves subtracting points from examinees scores, what will happen to the mean and. the SD
The mean and SD of the new distribution will be lower. Corrected Score = (R) - (W/n-1) R= of right answers W = number of wrong answers n = number of choices per answer
Response Cost
Removing reinforcement for an undesirable or disruptive behavior. Form of negative punishment
Differential Reinforcement
Used to simultaneously eliminate an undesirable behavior and establish alternative (desirable) behaviors
What is effortful (inhibitory) control important for and when is it stable?
Early development of conscious
33 to 45 months
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation
Severe, recurrent temper outbursts with a persistent or angry mood between outbursts on most days
ODD vs. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation
DMD is more severe, frequent (outbursts), and chronic sx
Postconcussional syndrome (PCS)
Collection of somatic and psychological symptoms with most patients having full recovery in 3-6mo Headache Dizziness Fatigue Impaired Memory/concentration Depression Irritability Visual Impairment Sleep Disturbances
Stages of Change model - two factors to move from one stage to next
Perceived self-efficacy and decisional balance (perceived pros and cons)
James-Lange theory of emotions emphasizes the role of…
Visceral and muscular reactions (peripheralist theory)
“We are afraid because we run”
Emotions are perceptions of bodily reactions
Cannon-Bard theory of emotions emphasizes what?
Brain mechanisms that mediate emotion (thalamus and cerebral cortex)
Women combining work and family roles is most associated with….
Enhanced self esteem
Primary cause of. psychopathology in Harry Stack Sullivan’s interpersonal approach…
Excessive Anxiety which is the result of interpersonal insecurity traced to problems in interpersonal relationships (especially during infancy and childhood)
Research about job satisfaction has most consistently found that…
job satisfaction is inversely related to turnover and absenteeisms
(research on gender is inconsistent)
-Job satisfaction increases with age
Higher level of education is also related to job satisfaction
Overcorrection
Make the student engage in repetitive behavior as a penalty for having displahyed an inappropriate action
Delirium can be distinguished from psychotic disorders…
Sx of delirium tend to be random and haphazard while sx of psychotic disorders are ordinarily systematized
Where does long term potentiation take place
Hippocampus
Physiological mechanism behind memory and learning
Multiple cutoff
Must pass all tests used for prediction
Multiple discriminant analysis
scores on two or more predictors are combined to predict membershhip in three or more criterion groups
Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved with
Transporting proteins and fats (rough type is responsible for synthesis)
Routing subtests for Stanford-Binet
Object Series/Matrices and Vocabulary
Used to determine the beginning level of administration for the remaining subtests
What positively impacts creativity
Supportive supervision
Developmental evaluation (not critical)
Openness (Big 5)
Reducing overall density of work environment
What should not be done to tx specific phobia blood-injection type
Relaxation Tx are contraindicated
Need to tense muscles
Sx to differentiate ADHD and Bipolar in children
Hyperactivity - Both Irritability - Both Distractibility - Both Accelerated Speech - Both Elation - BP Grandiosity - BP Flight of Ideas - BP Decreased need for sleep Hypersexuality (in absence of sexual abuse and over stimulation)
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
Compare costs and benefits of an intervention in monetary terms. Sometimes difficult to assign money value.
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)
Useful when interventions have similar goals but not possible to assign monetary value. Costs are expressed in $ but outcomes are expressed in non $ terms - like number of patients that ended therapy prematurely Date used to create cost-effectiveness ratios that can determine which intervention has greatest impact per $ spent.
Cost-utility analysis (CUA)
evaluating alternative interventions by comparing costs with the value of their outcomes in terms of healthy years. (quality-adjusted life-years = combines measures of gain in the (duration) and quality of life)
Cost-feasibility analysis (CFA)
Evaluate the feasibility of one or more interventions based on the monetary and other resources they would require. Purpose is to determine if an intervention is worth considering. Note CFA does NOT take into account the outcomes of an intervention.
Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)
Used to determine the least costly option that produces similar results. Example - could paraprofessionals produce the same results and safe costs
Cost-offset analysis
Medical cost offset - when non-medical interventions are used and save costs.
How are perceptual distortions related to panic attack?
Depersonalization and Derealization are common
What do sleep terror episodes begin with?
Panicky scream or cry
What type of sleep disorder is. a sleep terror?
Non-REM Sleep Arousal Disorder
NPD, BPR and Histrionic Personality Disorder share what?
Affective Instability
What would a drug that reduces effects of dopamine do to sx of schizophrenia?
Decrease or eliminate symptoms
Chronic Otitis Media is linked to?
Learning Disorders
Erectile Disorder min duration?
Six Months
Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder requires?
Evidence of cerebrovascular disease
When do you use “other specified disorder”
Clinician wants to indicate the reason why the client’s symptoms do not meet criteria for another specified disorder
Sx more common in pediatric Bipolar Disorder than ADHD
Elation Grandiosity Flight of ideas Decreased need for sleep Hypersexuality
The preoccupation with fear of having a serious disease despite an absence of symptoms of the disease?
Illiness Anxiety Disorder
Presence of one or more somatic sx that cause distress or significant disruption in daily life accompanied by excessive thoughts, feelings or behaviors related to the sx is?
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Time for PTSD delayed expression?
6mo
Negative Sx of Schizophrenia
Affective Flattening
Alogia
Avolition
Alogia
Restrictions in the range and intensity of the fluency and productivity of thought and speech
Avolition
Restrictions in the range and intensity of goal directed behavior
Individual’s functioning in conceptual, social, and practical domains are associated with?
Intellectual disability
Dissociative Amnesia most commonly involves?
Retrospective gaps in memory
GAD is typically comorbid with other psychiatric disorders at what %?
80-90%
11 yr old with Conduct Disorder should include?
Parent menagement training
MDD might have EEG abnormalities that include?
Decreased REM Latency
Interns must tell clients?
They are an intern
If asked to test for homosexuality by organization you should?
Not accept the job because of invasion of privacy
If couples therapist is dx with HIV they should?
Refrain from participating in any professional activities that might adversely affected by her medical conditions
