Faculty Questions Flashcards
Why is high dose cyclophosphamide used for bone marrow ablation/conditioning phase prior to autologous stem cell transplantation?
- Spares stem cells = not completely myeloablative
- Causes release of proteases and the cleavage of key adhesion molecules (e.g. VCAM-1 and CXCR4)–> release of hematopoietic stem cells into the periphery
- Spares platelets
- Highly immunosuppressive
- Little nonhematologic side effects compared to other chemos (e.g. not as GI toxic as other chemos)
What cell type are osteoclasts?
Macrophage lineage
Kiupel MCT grading criteria for high grade MCT
Any one of the following:
- ≥7 mitotic figures/10hpf (i.e. MI ≥ 7)
- ≥3 multinucleated (= ≥3 nuclei) cells/10hpf
- ≥3 bizarre nuclei/10hpf
- karyomegaly (at least 10% of cells vary by 2x)
What are the criteria of malignancy considered in Kiupel MCT grading scheme?
- mitotic index
- multinucleation
- bizarre nuclei
- karyomegaly
What parameters are considered in Patnaik grading scheme
- location
- cell morphology
- nuclear morphology
- architecture/cellularity
- mitotic figures
- edema and necrosis
Patnaik grade I MCT:
- location
- cell morphology
- nuclear morphology
- architecture/cellularity
- mitotic figures
- edema and necrosis
- location = dermis
- cell morphology = round
- nuclear morphology = round, condensed chromatin
- architecture/cellularity = rows/groups
- mitotic figures = none
- edema and necrosis = minimal
Patnaik grade II MCT:
- location
- cell morphology
- nuclear morphology
- architecture/cellularity
- mitotic figures
- edema and necrosis
- location = infiltrates the SQ +/- musculature
- cell morphology = round to ovoid; finer granules
- nuclear morphology = round to indented; some double nuclei
- architecture/cellularity = thin fibrovascular stroma
- mitotic figures = rare (0-2/hpf)
- edema and necrosis = areas of diffuse
Patnaik grade III MCT:
- location
- cell morphology
- nuclear morphology
- architecture/cellularity
- mitotic figures
- edema and necrosis
- location = replaces SQ and deep tissue
- cell morphology = pleomorphic; indistinct granules
- nuclear morphology = indented; common binucleation
- architecture/cellularity = packed sheets
- mitotic figures = common (≥3/hpf)
- edema and necrosis = common
What is the published total dose for feline nasal LSA?
> 32 Gray
Genes of four common DNA repair disorders due to genetic deficiencies that are associated with clinical radiation sensitivity
- ATM
- FA gene complex
- NBS1
- LIG4
% of silken windhounds with MDR mutation
30%
DNA repair disorder associated with ATM gene deficiency and associated deficiency
- disease = ataxia telangiectasia (A-T)
- deficiency = signal transduction
DNA repair disorder associated with FA gene complex deficiency and associated deficiency
- disease = Fanconi anemia (FA)
- deficiency = damage recognition and HR
DNA repair disorder associated with NBS1 gene deficiency and associated deficiency
- disease = Nijmegen breakage syndrome
- deficiency = damage recognition
DNA repair disorder associated with LIG4 gene deficiency and associated deficiency
- disease = DNA ligase IV deficiency
- deficiency = NHEJ
Hallmarks of cancer
SARCOMA GIME:
- S - self-sufficiency of growth signaling
- A - apoptosis evasion
- R - resistance to anti-growth factor signaling
- Co - continuous replication (immortality)
- M - metastasis
- A - angiogenesis
- G - genomic instability
- I - inflammation
- M - metabolic deregulation
- E - evasion of the immune system
Flow markers for thymomas
CD4+ CD8+
Flow markers for T cell lymphoma/leukemia
CD4+ CD5-
% of feline renal transplant cats that develop neoplasia
25% develop lymphoid neoplasia
*higher than what is seen in transplants with humans
Reason for increased risk of lymphoid neoplasia in renal transplant cats
Cyclosporine–>immunoediting
*NOTE: cyclosporine and transplants in humans and cats = risk factors for cancer