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AS Biology: Exchange with the environment > Factual Recall Questions > Flashcards

Factual Recall Questions Flashcards

1
Q

How does an increase in volume affect Surface Area:Volume ratio?

A

Larger volume means smaller Surface Area: Volume ratio

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2
Q

Name the process by which prokaryotes exchange gases.

A

Prokaryotes exchange gases through diffusion as they are unicellular and have a short diffusion pathway.

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3
Q

What are the three components of the tracheal system in insects?

A

Spiracles: can open and close
Trachea: links the spiracles to the tracheoles
Tracheoles: allow the gases to reach as far into the insect as possible.

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4
Q

Name two components of the gas exchange system in gills of a fish.

A

Lamellae: gas exchange occurs here

Gill filaments: Supplies blood to the gill filaments

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5
Q

By which principle do fish exchange gasses in their gills?

A

The counter current mechanism- water and blood move in opposite directions

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6
Q

Name two components of the leaves of dicotyledonous plants involved in gas exchange.

A

Stomata, guard cells and sponge mesophyll

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7
Q

How do plants limit their water loss?

A 
Waxy cuticle
Hairy leaves
Curled shape
Sunken stomata
Reduced SA:V ratio of leaves
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8
Q

How do insects balance the need for gas exchange with the need to limit water loss?

A

In dry conditions they can close their spiracles to limit water loss.

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9
Q

Over which membranes in the lungs do gases have to pass?

A

Alveolar epithelium and capillary epithelium

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10
Q

What features do the surface over which gases pass in the lungs have to enable efficient gas exchange?

A

Thin
Moist
Short diffusion pathway
Concentration gradient maintained

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11
Q

Name the method of interaction between internal and external intercostal muscles

A

Antagonistic

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12
Q

Outline the movement of the diaphragm in inhalation

A

The diaphragm contracts causing it to flatten which increases the volume of the thorax and decreases the pressure below that of the external environment.

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13
Q

Outline the movement of the diaphragm in exhalation

A

The diaphragm relaxes causing it move up into a dome shape. This reduces the volume in the thorax and increases the pressure.

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14
Q

What cavity is involved in gas exchange in the lungs?

A

Thorax

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15
Q

How does reducing the quantity of oxygen available affect the cells in the body?

A

Reduces the rate of respiration

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16
Q

What reaction occurs in which larger molecules are broken into smaller ones?

A

Hydrolysis

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17
Q

Why must molecules be made smaller to allow digestion?

A

To allow them to move across cell membranes. If molecules are too large they cannot fit between the phospholipid bilayer or through the protein channels.

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18
Q

What two enzymes break down carbohydrates?

A

Amylase

Membrane-bound dissacharidases

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19
Q

Which enzyme breaks down lipids?

A

Lipases

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20
Q

Explain how bile salts aid with the digestion of lipids?

A

Bile salts emulsify lipids into micelles.

This increases the surface area for lipases to then act upon the lipids.

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21
Q

Which three enzymes break down proteins?

A

Endopeptidases
Exopeptidases
Dipeptidases

22
Q

Briefly outline how proteins are broken down by enzymes.

A

Endopeptidases: attach anywhere along the polypeptide chain except the ends
Exopeptidases: attach to the ends of the polypeptide chain
Dipeptidases: break down dipeptides into single amino acids.

23
Q

Where in mammals does absorption occur?

A

Small intestine/ ileum

24
Q

What mechanism permits absorption of amino acids and monosaccharides?

A

Co-transport

25
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin?

A

To transport oxygen around the body

26
Q

Do all organisms have the same type of haemoglobin?

A

No, they are different.

27
Q

What is haemoglobin made out of?

A

Four polypeptide chains with a Fe ion centre

28
Q

Which metal ion is at the centre of haemoglobin molecule?

A

Iron/ Fe

29
Q

In what cell is haemoglobin located?

A

Red blood cell

30
Q

How does one oxygen molecule binding to haemoglobin affect the binding of other oxygen molecules?

A

It makes it easier for other oxygen molecules to bind to the haemoglobin

31
Q

Outline the bohr effect.

A

As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases the affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen decreases.

32
Q

How do high altitude animals adapt to the low oxygen environment?

A

High altitude animals produce haemoglobin that has a higher affinity for oxygen.

33
Q

Name the blood vessels entering the heart

A

Vena cava- from the body

Pulmonary vein- from the lungs

34
Q

Name the blood vessels leaving the heart

A

Aorta- towards the body

Pulmonary vein- towards the lungs

35
Q

How do valves aid in heart function?

A

To prevent back flow of blood and help to maintain the pressure during contraction of the atria and ventricles

36
Q

What connects the valves to the walls of the heart?

A

Valve tendons

37
Q

Describe the structure of the arteries and how it relates to its function

A

Thick muscular layer to control blood flow
Thin elastic layer to maintain high blood pressure
Overall thick wall to prevent bursting
No valves as high pressure prevents back flow

38
Q

Describe the structure of the arterioles and how it relates to its function.

A

Thicker muscular layer compared to the arteries.
Able to control movement of blood into capillaries
Low blood pressure than arteries so thinner elastic layer

39
Q

Describe the structure of the veins and how it relates to its function

A

Thin muscular layer as it is not controlling blood flow to the tissues
Thin elastic layer as low blood pressure
Thin wall as low blood pressure
Valves prevent back flow

40
Q

What feature of capillaries, relating to red blood cells, is important for their role as exchange surfaces?

A

Capillaries are smaller, This pushes red blood cells against the capillary wall to shorten the diffusion pathway.

41
Q

Why is fluid forced out of the capillaries at the start of the capillary bed?

A

There is a large hydrostatic pressure in the capillary due to the pressure from the heart pumping.

42
Q

Where is the hydrostatic pressure lower, the venule end or the arteriole end?

A

Venule end

43
Q

How does the water potential of the blood change across the capillary bed?

A

Water potential gets lower due to large proteins remaining in the capillaries

44
Q

What system is responsible for draining the excess fluid away from the tissues and back into the circulatory system?

A

Lympathic system

45
Q

What dead tissue in plants transports water?

A

Xylem

46
Q

Outline the four steps of the cohesion tension theory, starting at the leaves.

A

Water evaporates from the leaves
Tension is created so water is pulled up the xylem into the leaves
Cohesive water molecules are pulled up the xylem within the stem
Water enters the xylem through the roots

47
Q

Which living tissue transports organic substances?

A

Phloem

48
Q

Does translocation require energy?

A

Yes- ATP is required as it is an active process

49
Q

Where do solutes move from and to in translocation?

A

They are moved from the source to the sink

50
Q

How do enzymes maintain a concentration gradient in translocation?

A

They use up solutes at the sink converting them to a different product to maintain a diffusion gradient.

51
Q

What is the name of the best supported theory for how translocation occurs?

A

Mass flow

52
Q

How does ringing allow scientists to investigate transport in plants?

A

If a ring of bark is removed from the trunk of a tree the accumulation of sugars above the ring causes the bark to bulge. This indicates that it is the phloem in the bark which is responsible for transporting sugars.

AS Biology: Exchange with the environment (1 decks)

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