Facts and Figures

Question 1

46% of wealth controlled by richest 0.7%.
(50% by richest 1%)

Answer 1

97% of wealth controlled by richest 30%

Question 2

Poorest 49% of global population produce 14% of global CO2

Answer 2

.
Top 16%, 38% of emissions

Question 3

40% f world’s calories are fed to livestock

Answer 3

69% required increase in food calories to feed 9.6 billion by 2050

Question 4

Food causes 28% of greenhouse gas emissions

Answer 4

Average temp would be 33°c cooler at -18°c without greenhouse effect

Question 5

Keeling curve of Mauna Loa in Hawaii and South Pole 1957

Answer 5

Current % contribution to warming
CO2 66%
CH4 16%
CFCs 8%
N2O 6%

Question 6

Global warming potential= integrated radiative forcing over a specified period

Answer 6

N20 about 300
Methane about 25
CO2 is 1

(Over 100 years)

Question 7

CO2 emissions by sector
40% electricity and heat
21% transport
16% manufacturing and contruction

Answer 7

Methane emissions by sector
42% agriculture
38% fugitive emissions
18% waste

Question 8

Nitrous oxide emissions
82% agriculture (soils)
9% industry
5% waste

Answer 8

Total emissions
31% electricity and heat
17% transport
12% manufacturing and contruction
11% agriculture
7% fugitive emissions

Question 9

Ecosystem services: provisioning, supporting, regulating, cultural

Answer 9

Terrestrial ecosystems = global GDP= 75 trillion dollars

Question 10

people use 25-33% of plant production globally

Answer 10

50% of land for food
Food and forestry is 75% of land

1% infrastructure
12% crop land
37% pasture
22% plantation forests
28% forests

Question 11

Add 8% pasture
Add 15% crop land
Over past 60 years

Answer 11

Dietary transition to energy dense foods like meat, sugar and major crops like rice and maize away from traditional crops

Question 12

Of 50,000 edible plants,
90% of our calories comes from 15 plants
60% from rice, wheat, sugar, and maize

Answer 12

Of 15,000 mammals and birds

75% of calories from chicken, eggs, pork, beef, milk

Question 13

Over the last 60 years:-
Supplies of oils and meat increased 2 times
Food calorie supply increased by third
Cereal production increased 3.4 times
Fertilizer application increased 9 times

Answer 13

Of agricultural land:
22% used for pasture
78% for animals, meat, and dairy

Question 14

Global decline of 68% according to living planet index in terms of species

Answer 14

Cycads then amphibians most endangered

Question 15

Land use and agriculture caused third of cumulative human CO2 emissions

Answer 15

More extreme events due to increase in mean and variance

Question 16

number of local record- breaking monthly temperature extremes is now x6 larger than expected with no climate change

Answer 16

Abruptness= magnitude / duration

(Where duration is relative to lifespan of organism)

Question 17

Haber Bosch

• Produces circa 450 million tonnes of N fertiliser per year
• Consumes 3-5% of the worlds gas production
• C 2% of world energy
• Estimated 6.6kg CO2 produced for each kg N fertiliser produced

Answer 17

By 2030- of all non-co2 emissions
Agricultural soils and birotus gas 16%
Rice paddies 4%

Question 18

Ecosystem= Communities of organisms and abiotic components that are linked by processes of energy transfer and material cycling

Answer 18

Areas of vegetation characterized by the same life form. Associated with particular climatic and soil conditions

Question 19

Photosynthesis has 5% efficiency

Answer 19

Transpiration through plants accounts for 80-90% of terrestrial evaporation.
•62,000 km3 of water transpired each year (~50% of global precipitation).
•Accounts for about 50% of solar energy absorbed at the land surface.

Question 20

soil erosion may be 10-100 times faster than soil formation

Answer 20

Plant distribution:

Climatic factors
• Physiographic factors •
Edaphic factors

Question 21

Physiograohic includes altitude and aspect (how much light side of mountain gets)

Edaphic associated with soil (how well they can anchor, water, nutrients available)

Answer 21

Conditions aren’t consumed whereas resources are e.g. ph, light, and temperature
Resource would be co2

Question 22

between crop-mass 300 - 900 g m-2, = window of high potential species richness

Answer 22

fewer species are adapted to grow on acidic soils than neutral or calcareous soils = “reservoir effect”. Low ph always has poor biodiversity

Question 23

71% of our world is ocean (81% of southern hemisphere, 61% of northern hemisphere)
• Average depth = 3,794m (cf average height of continents, 875m)
• Maximum depth = 11,022m (cf Mt Everest, 8,848m)
• >99% of Earth’s habitable volume is marine

Answer 23

Benthic - on (epifauna) or in (infauna) the sea bed
• Demersal - associated with the sea bed
• Pelagic - in the water column, includes plankton (‘passive’ drifters) and nekton (active swimmers)
• Many benthic organisms have planktonic larvae, linking the benthic and pelagic realms

Question 24

Epipelagic / euphotic zone (50-100m, up to 200m): light enough for photosynthesis
• Mesopelagic / dysphotic zone (to ~1000m): enough light for animals to see, not for plants
• Bathypelagic / aphotic zone (to ~6000m): no light; 3/4 of the marine world
• Hadal zone: >6000m, the deep ocean trenches

Answer 24

Biogeographic Definitions of Marine Ecosystems
• Longhurst’s Biogeographical Provinces
• MEOW: Marine Ecoregions of the World
• Biogeography driven by species distributions