Facts and Figures Flashcards
46% of wealth controlled by richest 0.7%.
(50% by richest 1%)
97% of wealth controlled by richest 30%
Poorest 49% of global population produce 14% of global CO2
.
Top 16%, 38% of emissions
40% f world’s calories are fed to livestock
69% required increase in food calories to feed 9.6 billion by 2050
Food causes 28% of greenhouse gas emissions
Average temp would be 33°c cooler at -18°c without greenhouse effect
Keeling curve of Mauna Loa in Hawaii and South Pole 1957
Current % contribution to warming
CO2 66%
CH4 16%
CFCs 8%
N2O 6%
Global warming potential= integrated radiative forcing over a specified period
N20 about 300
Methane about 25
CO2 is 1
(Over 100 years)
CO2 emissions by sector
40% electricity and heat
21% transport
16% manufacturing and contruction
Methane emissions by sector
42% agriculture
38% fugitive emissions
18% waste
Nitrous oxide emissions
82% agriculture (soils)
9% industry
5% waste
Total emissions
31% electricity and heat
17% transport
12% manufacturing and contruction
11% agriculture
7% fugitive emissions
Ecosystem services: provisioning, supporting, regulating, cultural
Terrestrial ecosystems = global GDP= 75 trillion dollars
people use 25-33% of plant production globally
50% of land for food
Food and forestry is 75% of land
1% infrastructure
12% crop land
37% pasture
22% plantation forests
28% forests
Add 8% pasture
Add 15% crop land
Over past 60 years
Dietary transition to energy dense foods like meat, sugar and major crops like rice and maize away from traditional crops
Of 50,000 edible plants,
90% of our calories comes from 15 plants
60% from rice, wheat, sugar, and maize
Of 15,000 mammals and birds
75% of calories from chicken, eggs, pork, beef, milk
Over the last 60 years:-
Supplies of oils and meat increased 2 times
Food calorie supply increased by third
Cereal production increased 3.4 times
Fertilizer application increased 9 times
Of agricultural land:
22% used for pasture
78% for animals, meat, and dairy
Global decline of 68% according to living planet index in terms of species
Cycads then amphibians most endangered
Land use and agriculture caused third of cumulative human CO2 emissions
More extreme events due to increase in mean and variance
number of local record- breaking monthly temperature extremes is now x6 larger than expected with no climate change
Abruptness= magnitude / duration
(Where duration is relative to lifespan of organism)
Haber Bosch
• Produces circa 450 million tonnes of N fertiliser per year
• Consumes 3-5% of the worlds gas production
• C 2% of world energy
• Estimated 6.6kg CO2 produced for each kg N fertiliser produced
By 2030- of all non-co2 emissions
Agricultural soils and birotus gas 16%
Rice paddies 4%
Ecosystem= Communities of organisms and abiotic components that are linked by processes of energy transfer and material cycling
Areas of vegetation characterized by the same life form. Associated with particular climatic and soil conditions
Photosynthesis has 5% efficiency
Transpiration through plants accounts for 80-90% of terrestrial evaporation.
•62,000 km3 of water transpired each year (~50% of global precipitation).
•Accounts for about 50% of solar energy absorbed at the land surface.
soil erosion may be 10-100 times faster than soil formation
Plant distribution:
Climatic factors
• Physiographic factors •
Edaphic factors
Physiograohic includes altitude and aspect (how much light side of mountain gets)
Edaphic associated with soil (how well they can anchor, water, nutrients available)
Conditions aren’t consumed whereas resources are e.g. ph, light, and temperature
Resource would be co2
between crop-mass 300 - 900 g m-2, = window of high potential species richness
fewer species are adapted to grow on acidic soils than neutral or calcareous soils = “reservoir effect”. Low ph always has poor biodiversity
71% of our world is ocean (81% of southern hemisphere, 61% of northern hemisphere)
• Average depth = 3,794m (cf average height of continents, 875m)
• Maximum depth = 11,022m (cf Mt Everest, 8,848m)
• >99% of Earth’s habitable volume is marine
Benthic - on (epifauna) or in (infauna) the sea bed
• Demersal - associated with the sea bed
• Pelagic - in the water column, includes plankton (‘passive’ drifters) and nekton (active swimmers)
• Many benthic organisms have planktonic larvae, linking the benthic and pelagic realms
Epipelagic / euphotic zone (50-100m, up to 200m): light enough for photosynthesis
• Mesopelagic / dysphotic zone (to ~1000m): enough light for animals to see, not for plants
• Bathypelagic / aphotic zone (to ~6000m): no light; 3/4 of the marine world
• Hadal zone: >6000m, the deep ocean trenches
Biogeographic Definitions of Marine Ecosystems
• Longhurst’s Biogeographical Provinces
• MEOW: Marine Ecoregions of the World
• Biogeography driven by species distributions
