Facts and figures Flashcards
Norman Conquest
1066
By 1100
Tithings, hue&cry, local jury (royal= serious, manor = others), trial by ordeal, normans x werglid (pay king)
Wergild payment for Freeman murder
100 shillings
How many were starved due to destruction of farmland? (Norman rebellions, York + E Anglia)
100,000
When were Parish Constables introduced?
1250s
From when was a County Sheriff expected to hunt criminals?
1285
When was trial by ordeal abolished?
1215
How long was sanctuary?
40 days
When was the Justices of the Peace Act?
1361
When were knights ‘keepers of the peace’?
Some unruly areas in 1195
1327, Edward II ‘all areas’
When did Henry VIII split with the Catholic Church?
1533
How many protestants did Mary burn? How many Catholics did Elizabeth have hanged?
Mary: 300 Protestants for heresy
Elizabeth: 250 Catholics for treason
When did James Stuart become king?
1603
When was the gunpowder plot?
1605
When were the gunpowder plotters punished?
January 1606 (tried and found guilty of treason)
How many vagabonds were there in London 1560 and 1600?
1560: 69 (London Bridewell)
1600: 550
When were there bad harvests? (Vagabonds)
1570s
When were the wages lowest since 1220?
1590s
When was the Vagabonds and Beggars Act?
1494
Stocks for 3 days and nights
Sent back to where most well known
When was the Vagrancy Act?
1547
Able bodied without work for 3+ days branded with letter V
Sold as slave for 2 years
Repealed: impossible to enforce
When was the Act of relief of poor?
1597
Vagabonds into two categories
Deserving and undeserving
When were the Poor Laws passed?
1601
‘Deserving’ got relief from local parish
‘Underselling’ could be branded, whipped, sent to a correction house
When did Henry VIII make witchcraft punishable by death?
1542
When did Elizabeth’s I change the law so charges of witchcraft had to be tried in the common court?
1563
When did James I say the death penalty had to be given to those ‘summoning evil spirits’
1604
When were the witch-hunts?
1645-47
During English civil war: 1642-51
How many people did Matthew Hopkins (witch finder general) investigate and have hanged?
Around 300 investigated
112 hanged
When was the law changed so church courts could only try moral acts, not criminal ones?
1576
When did James I abolish sanctuary?
1623
When was the bloody code?
1688-1825
How many crimes were punishable by death in 1688?
50
How many crimes were punishable by death in 1815?
225
How many people were transported to America under James I?
50-80k men, women, and children
When did monasteries close down?
1536
How many years were people sentenced to (transportation to America)
7/14 years
Reasons for crime increase 1700-1850
Travel & move into towns - less tight knit communities (know each other less)
Extreme poverty
Larger towns - easier to evade arrest
When was highway robbery made of capital offence?
1772
When was the Waltham Black Act?
1723
Made poaching a capital crime, made it illegal to carry snares or own hunting dogs in poaching areas
If ur land was worth ___ amount you could hunt anywhere
> £100/year
In what year did a man kill 80 hares and sell them for 43 shillings a piece?
1764
When were many poaching laws repealed?
1823
Between what years did Smuggling increase?
1740-1850
When did was Duke of Richmond asked to stamp out smuggling gangs?
1748
Only hanged 35 out of 20k smugglers
When did a gang in West Sussex kidnap 2 customs officers, break bones in all of ones body, stone the other one to death?
1748
How big were smuggling gangs?
50-100 men
When was the Hawkhurst gang stamped out?
1749
Leaders hanged
If you helped smugglers move goods from ship to shore, how much could you earn?
2X average labourer daily wage
How many people were wanted as smuggers in 1748?
103
70%> were labourers
Many small landowners
People do it to save money/earn money
When were taxes cut (helped reduce smuggling)?
1849s
PM William Pitt reduced import duties
Not as much profit to be made
When was the Witchcraft Act which repealed all laws about witchcraft?
1736
When were the Tolpuddle Martyrs arrested?
1834
When did John Fielding take over the Bowstreet runners?
1754
When were the Bowstreet runners payed by the government?
1785
When was a horse patrol set up? (Bow street runners)
1805: new patrol of 54 set up
When was the Met Police Act?
1829
1st pro police force in London
When was the Municipal Councils Act?
1835
Borough councils could set up police in own area
Only halfish did
When was the Rural Constabulary Act?
1839
Counties could set up own police
2/3 did
What was the detective department set up @ MET police h.q. in London?
1842
When was the Police Act?
1856
All towns and counties to set up police
Funded by gov
Regularly inspected
Keep law, prevent crime, detect criminals
Aim of all activities was deterrence
When were there protests against unemployment (leading to police)?
1815
When was Britain’s war with France?
1803-14
When was Robert Peele Home Secretary?
In 1822
When did the bloody code end?
1820s
When did murder and treason become the only capital crimes?
1841
When was the last public hanging?
1868
When did transportation to America begin?
c1710s
When was the Gaol Act? (John Howard’s work)
1774
When did transportation to America end? (Due to American war of independence)
1776
When did transportation to Australia begin?
1787
During what time were 160k+ people transported to Australia?
During what time were 160k+ people transported to Australia?
When was the last hanging for shop lifting?
1822
When was the Gaols Act?
1823
When was the end of the bloody code?
1825
When were 90 new prisons built?
1842-77
When did transportation to Australia slow down?
1850s
When was transportation abolished?
1868
When were wages in Australia higher than here?
1830s
How much did transportation cost?
1/2 million a year
When did John Howard publish his book ‘The State of Prisons in England and Wales’?
1777
When was Pentonville built? How big were cells?
1842
4mX2m
In the 1st 8 years of the separate system, how many people:
- Went mad
- Had nervous breakdowns
- Committed suicide
22 mad
26 breakdowns
3 suicides
When was the garrotting crisis? (Led to silent system being implemented - fear of high profile crime even tho crime reduced)
1862
Why was there so much change to prisons 1700-1900?
Rising crime Bloody code not working Existing prisons were ineffective (Bridewell = 'school of crime') Role of gov. Changing Role of reformers
When was the CID set up?
1878
When was it illegal to drive a horse drawn cart while drunk?
1872
Details of Al Qaeda suicide bombings in London
July 7th 2005
3 bombs went off underground trains, 1 on bus
52 killed
770 injured
When was the Abortion Act?
1967
Decriminalised abortion in certain situations
When was the Sex Offender’s act?
1967
When was the Race Relations Act?
1968
Illegal to discriminate against someone because of their race or ethnicity
In 1900, how many local police forces were there and how many members?
Around 200
42,000
As of March 2015, how many police forces & officers are there?
126,818 officers
Across 43 local forces
Today, how many weeks of basic training at the NPTC is required for police officers?
14 weeks basic trying
Local forces have own specialists who continue this training
Since when has there been finger print and blood sampling technology?
1901
When was the death penalty abolished?
1965
Not seen as effective
WW2 - barbaric, in humane
High profile miscarriages of justice
When was hanging for murder ended (unless of a police officer/whilst resisting arrest/using a gun/explosives/1+ victims)
1957
When was the UN Declaration of Human Rights?
1948
When was Timothy Evans hanged? When was he posthumously pardoned?
1950
1966
When was Derek Bentley hanged? When was his conviction overturned?
28 January 1953
1998
When was Ruth Ellis hanged?
1955
How many MPS supported the motion to reprieve in Derek Bentley’s case?
200
When did conscription for men start in WW1?
1916
How many men refused to fight in WW1? How many were given total exemption on grounds of conscience?
16,000
Only 400
How many COs died as a result of poor treatment ?
73
10 in prison, 63 after release
31 had breakdowns
Until when after WW1 were COs stripped of their right to vote?
1926
When did conscription for men and women start in WW2?
April 1939 (men) December 1941 (women)
How many people refused to fight in WW2? How many were given complete/partial exemption?
59k>
All except 12k
When did hard labour and corporal punishment end?
1948
Until when were Borstals a thing?
1982
Boys <15
Modern Young Offenders institutions: how old are kids? How long do they spend in cells? How many suicides? Reoffending rate?
16-21
21 hours a day in cell
274 suicides since 1990
1/2 reoffend within a year of release
Aim of prisons 1800s vs today
Deterrence (punishing)
Reduce reoffending thru education + useful skills
Rehabilitation
When was Bridewell Prison shut down?
1855
