Facts

Question 1

Mean

Answer 1

Add up all results and divide by the total amount of readings taken

Question 2

Median

Answer 2

Line up all results and take one away from each end until you are left with middle result

If left with 2 in middle, then add them together and divide by 2

Question 3

Mode

Answer 3

Most frequent

Question 4

Range

Answer 4

Take smallest data way from largest data

Question 5

Standard Deviation

Answer 5

Used to show how spread out data is in a set of results

Question 6

Upper Quartile

Answer 6

n(total amount of readings)+1/4

Then find this on the line up of ranks

If .5 = must add then up and divide by 2

Question 7

Lower Quartile

Answer 7

n+1/4 x 3

Question 8

Inter Quartile Range

Answer 8

UQ-LQ

Question 9

Qualitative Data

Answer 9

Qualitative data involves the collection of opinions, perspectives, thoughts
and feelings.

Doesn’t usually involve the collection of numerical data,
though there are exceptions.

More subjective in nature

E.g. open-ended questionnaire responses, pebble
shape, description of friction

Question 10

Quantitative Data

Answer 10

Numerical in form, or can be placed
into categories for counting

It is more objective in
nature

E.g. Pedestrian counts, stream velocity or beach
profile measurements

Question 11

Primary Data

Answer 11

Collected 1st hand by a researcher when conducting an investigation

Question 12

Secondary Data

Answer 12

Is used by a researcher which has already been collected by another researcher in the past

Question 13

Human factors of flooding

Answer 13

Poor river management strategies exacerbating flooding

Farming practices leading to ground compaction leading to increased overland flow

Urbanisation

Deforestation

Question 14

Physical factors of flooding?

Answer 14

Heavy rainfall (Monsoon conditions)

Relief

Rock type

Proximity to channel i.e. those areas
further away are less likely to flood.

Vegetation cover

Question 15

Advantage of Dispersion diagrams

Answer 15

Shows spread of mean

Very visual

Can work out interquartile range, mean + median

Can compare graphs easily

Anomalies can be shown

Can work out standard deviation

Question 16

Disadvantage of Dispersion diagrams

Answer 16

Works better with lots of data

Question 17

Advantages of Radial diagrams

Answer 17

Can compare multiple sets of data

Lots of data can be put on one graph

Visual

Individual variables within the diagram can be compared

Question 18

Disadvantages of Radial diagrams

Answer 18

No stats test can be linked to them

Hard to spot anomalies

Hard to make a scale suitable

Question 19

Advantages of Kite diagrams

Answer 19

Clear + easy to interpret

Shows changes over distance

Shows density + distribution of variables

Question 20

Disadvantages of Kite diagrams

Answer 20

Not all data can be represented by these charts

Time consuming to plot by hand

Question 21

Advantages of Pie charts

Answer 21

Allow fractional + percentage comparison

Display approximate proportions of variables throughout the area taken up by the pie chart

Visual = can see general trend

Question 22

Disadvantages of Pie charts

Answer 22

Can’t use for exact comparisons

Impossible to extract specific data

May not always be accurate (esp with hand-drawn)

Question 23

Advantages of Line graphs + Bar charts

Answer 23

Little background knowledge needed to interpret graph

Comparisons easily made

Clear anomalies

Gives a visual image = shows correlation

Question 24

Disadvantages of Line + Bar graphs

Answer 24

Can be time consuming by hand

Can be difficult to read accurately

Can often require additional info for them to be useful

Question 25

Advantages of Dot maps

Answer 25

Effective in showing the spatial density Shows variation + pattern Easy to interpret Easy to generate on computer

Question 26

Disadvantages of Dot maps

Answer 26

Actual values can't be seen Dots crowded = not v.accuarate Time consuming if done by hand Easy to make a mistake

Question 27

Advantages of Triangle graphs

Answer 27

Easy to compare 3 bits of data at one time can be compared as they use the same scale

Question 28

Disadvantages of Triangle graphs

Answer 28

Difficult to construct May be wrongly interpreted Quite difficult to read = have to have knowledge on how to read graph

Question 29

Advantages of Proportional circles

Answer 29

Very visual Can represent large range of data Not dependent on size of area

Question 30

Disadvantages of Proportional circles

Answer 30

Difficult to produce Not accurate/ can't extract data Overlap can occur making it confusing + difficult to interpret

Question 31

Advantages of Flow, Desire + Trip lines

Answer 31

Immediate impression = visual Can show movements easily such as traffic/migration Gives clear sense of direction Clear location component

Question 32

Disadvantages of Flow,desire + Trip lines

Answer 32

Hard to draw Flows can over lap May be difficult to show meeting point of wide bands without overwhelming the map

Question 33

Advantages of Choropleth Maps

Answer 33

Visual impressions of change over a space = general impression General anomalies can be identified Easily done by hand or computer

Question 34

Disadvantages of Choropleth Maps

Answer 34

General Gives false impressions of abrupt change at boundaries Variations within each area are hidden Reading exact figures is impossible

Question 35

Advantages of Isoline Graphs

Answer 35

Drawn easily on computers Can see areas of equal value Can see gradual changes

Question 36

Disadvantages of Isoline Graphs

Answer 36

Do not show discontinuous distributions Small lines + numbers on graphs can be hard to read

Question 37

Advantages of Spearman's rank

Answer 37

Shows significance of data Proves/disproves correlation Allows for further analysis Doesn't assume normal distribution

Question 38

Disadvantages of Spearman's rank

Answer 38

Can be hard/time consuming to work out Complicated formula Can be misinterpreted Need 2 sets of variable data

Question 39

Advantages of Chi Squared

Answer 39

Can test association between variables Identifies difference between observed + expected

Question 40

Disadvantages of Chi Squared

Answer 40

Can't use percentages Data must be numerical Categories of 2 are not good to compare The number of observations must be 20+ Test becomes invalid is any of expected values are below 5 Complicated

Question 41

Advantages of Standard deviation

Answer 41

Shows how much data is clustered around the mean value Gives better idea of how the data is distributed

Question 42

Disadvantages of Standard deviation

Answer 42

Doesn't give full range of data Assumes normal distribution pattern

Question 43

Advantages of Mann Whitney

Answer 43

Shows the median between 2 sets of data You can decide the boundaries of the 2 groups Only needs one variable in set of data

Question 44

Disadvantages of Mann Whitney

Answer 44

More appropriate when data sets are independent of each other Become less accurate when sample size is below 5 or above 20