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Geography Skills > Facts > Flashcards

Facts Flashcards

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1
Q

Mean

A

Add up all results and divide by the total amount of readings taken

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2
Q

Median

A

Line up all results and take one away from each end until you are left with middle result

If left with 2 in middle, then add them together and divide by 2

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3
Q

Mode

A

Most frequent

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4
Q

Range

A

Take smallest data way from largest data

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5
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Used to show how spread out data is in a set of results

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6
Q

Upper Quartile

A

n(total amount of readings)+1/4

Then find this on the line up of ranks

If .5 = must add then up and divide by 2

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7
Q

Lower Quartile

A

n+1/4 x 3

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8
Q

Inter Quartile Range

A

UQ-LQ

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9
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Qualitative data involves the collection of opinions, perspectives, thoughts
and feelings.

Doesn’t usually involve the collection of numerical data,
though there are exceptions.

More subjective in nature

E.g. open-ended questionnaire responses, pebble
shape, description of friction

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10
Q

Quantitative Data

A

Numerical in form, or can be placed
into categories for counting

It is more objective in
nature

E.g. Pedestrian counts, stream velocity or beach
profile measurements

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11
Q

Primary Data

A

Collected 1st hand by a researcher when conducting an investigation

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12
Q

Secondary Data

A

Is used by a researcher which has already been collected by another researcher in the past

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13
Q

Human factors of flooding

A

Poor river management strategies exacerbating flooding

Farming practices leading to ground compaction leading to increased overland flow

Urbanisation

Deforestation

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14
Q

Physical factors of flooding?

A

Heavy rainfall (Monsoon conditions)

Relief

Rock type

Proximity to channel i.e. those areas
further away are less likely to flood.

Vegetation cover

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15
Q

Advantage of Dispersion diagrams

A

Shows spread of mean

Very visual

Can work out interquartile range, mean + median

Can compare graphs easily

Anomalies can be shown

Can work out standard deviation

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16
Q

Disadvantage of Dispersion diagrams

A

Works better with lots of data

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17
Q

Advantages of Radial diagrams

A

Can compare multiple sets of data

Lots of data can be put on one graph

Visual

Individual variables within the diagram can be compared

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18
Q

Disadvantages of Radial diagrams

A

No stats test can be linked to them

Hard to spot anomalies

Hard to make a scale suitable

19
Q

Advantages of Kite diagrams

A

Clear + easy to interpret

Shows changes over distance

Shows density + distribution of variables

20
Q

Disadvantages of Kite diagrams

A

Not all data can be represented by these charts

Time consuming to plot by hand

21
Q

Advantages of Pie charts

A

Allow fractional + percentage comparison

Display approximate proportions of variables throughout the area taken up by the pie chart

Visual = can see general trend

22
Q

Disadvantages of Pie charts

A

Can’t use for exact comparisons

Impossible to extract specific data

May not always be accurate (esp with hand-drawn)

23
Q

Advantages of Line graphs + Bar charts

A

Little background knowledge needed to interpret graph

Comparisons easily made

Clear anomalies

Gives a visual image = shows correlation

24
Q

Disadvantages of Line + Bar graphs

A

Can be time consuming by hand

Can be difficult to read accurately

Can often require additional info for them to be useful

25
Q

Advantages of Dot maps

A

Effective in showing the spatial density

Shows variation + pattern

Easy to interpret

Easy to generate on computer

26
Q

Disadvantages of Dot maps

A

Actual values can’t be seen

Dots crowded = not v.accuarate

Time consuming if done by hand

Easy to make a mistake

27
Q

Advantages of Triangle graphs

A

Easy to compare

3 bits of data at one time can be compared as they use the same scale

28
Q

Disadvantages of Triangle graphs

A

Difficult to construct

May be wrongly interpreted

Quite difficult to read = have to have knowledge on how to read graph

29
Q

Advantages of Proportional circles

A

Very visual

Can represent large range of data

Not dependent on size of area

30
Q

Disadvantages of Proportional circles

A

Difficult to produce

Not accurate/ can’t extract data

Overlap can occur making it confusing + difficult to interpret

31
Q

Advantages of Flow, Desire + Trip lines

A

Immediate impression = visual

Can show movements easily such as traffic/migration

Gives clear sense of direction

Clear location component

32
Q

Disadvantages of Flow,desire + Trip lines

A

Hard to draw

Flows can over lap

May be difficult to show meeting point of wide bands without overwhelming the map

33
Q

Advantages of Choropleth Maps

A

Visual impressions of change over a space = general impression

General anomalies can be identified

Easily done by hand or computer

34
Q

Disadvantages of Choropleth Maps

A

General

Gives false impressions of abrupt change at boundaries

Variations within each area are hidden

Reading exact figures is impossible

35
Q

Advantages of Isoline Graphs

A

Drawn easily on computers

Can see areas of equal value

Can see gradual changes

36
Q

Disadvantages of Isoline Graphs

A

Do not show discontinuous distributions

Small lines + numbers on graphs can be hard to read

37
Q

Advantages of Spearman’s rank

A

Shows significance of data

Proves/disproves correlation

Allows for further analysis

Doesn’t assume normal distribution

38
Q

Disadvantages of Spearman’s rank

A

Can be hard/time consuming to work out

Complicated formula

Can be misinterpreted

Need 2 sets of variable data

39
Q

Advantages of Chi Squared

A

Can test association between variables

Identifies difference between observed + expected

40
Q

Disadvantages of Chi Squared

A

Can’t use percentages

Data must be numerical

Categories of 2 are not good to compare

The number of observations must be 20+

Test becomes invalid is any of expected values are below 5

Complicated

41
Q

Advantages of Standard deviation

A

Shows how much data is clustered around the mean value

Gives better idea of how the data is distributed

42
Q

Disadvantages of Standard deviation

A

Doesn’t give full range of data

Assumes normal distribution pattern

43
Q

Advantages of Mann Whitney

A

Shows the median between 2 sets of data

You can decide the boundaries of the 2 groups

Only needs one variable in set of data

44
Q

Disadvantages of Mann Whitney

A

More appropriate when data sets are independent of each other

Become less accurate when sample size is below 5 or above 20

Geography Skills (2 decks)

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