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1
Q

List 3 pros of hard engineering techno-fixes in China

A

Provides 500 million people with clean water in an area susceptible to drought, diverts 44.8 billion cubic meters of water per year , Avoids water shortage and supplies the growing population.

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2
Q

List 3 disadvantages of hard engineering techno-fixes in China

A

330000 people were relocated due to the expansion of the reservoir , The area where water is taken from is not immune to drought and in 2011 the water levels were too low in the reservoir for water to be transported to the North , Cost $62 billion to build.

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3
Q

List 3 reasons why not all countries can use a techno-fix

A

Expensive and some countries can’t pay like Chad which is part in the Sahel has a GDP of 9.6 billion which is much less than China’s water transfer project cost, Land locked countries like Chad and Niger and so can’t use techniques like desalinization as there’s no ocean, Education and technology not available in poor countries.

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4
Q

List 3 reasons why China needed a techno-fix

A

Beijing and Northern China is home to over 500 million people, more than the entire population of the USA , The North in under the Hadley cell and air is sinking which creates a very dry environment, Population is growing 0.5% annually.

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5
Q

List 3 reasons why a techno-fix was the best solution for China

A

Had a lot of money available for an expensive solution with GDP of 11.2 trillion , Needed a quick solution , Needed to be sustainable as the reservoir is supplied by mountain springs in the South.

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6
Q

What is the population of China?

A

1.379 billion

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7
Q

By how much is the population expected to increase by 2050?

A

400 million

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8
Q

What is the average rainfall in North and South China?

A

115cm in North China and 203.2cm in South China

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9
Q

How much water does California desalinise?

A

50 million gallons of drinking water per day

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10
Q

How much did the 8 desalination plants cost?

A

$34.4 million

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11
Q

What date did the UK 2007 happen?

A

28th July 2007

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12
Q

How many deaths were there in the 2007 floods?

A

13

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13
Q

How many homes and businesses were flooded?

A

55,357

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14
Q

How many insurance claims were there in the 2007 floods?

A

180,000

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15
Q

Total cost to UK economy for repairs from the 2007 floods?

A

£3.2 billion

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16
Q

How much per hectare of land flooded did farmers lose in the 2007 floods?

A

£1150

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17
Q

How much was the cost of damages for infrastructure in the 2007 floods?

A

£660 million

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18
Q

How many properties were without water on the 24th July 2007?

A

140,000

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19
Q

2007 was the wettest summer since…

A

1766

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20
Q

How many properties went without power for 48 hours in the 2007 floods?

A

50,000

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21
Q

What is the UN definition of Water scarcity?

A

The capacity of the population of safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable drinking water for sustaining livelihoods, human wellbeing and socioeconomic development.

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22
Q

What are the main causes of human water insecurity

A

Thermal pollution, Over farming, Over abstraction, Deforestation, Over population.

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23
Q

How much of the worlds population lives in areas that receive less than 25% of global precipitation?

A

66%

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24
Q

What percentage of the world’s river systems are impeded by dams?

A

60%

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25
By 2050 , how many people will be living in absolute water insecurity?
1.8 billion
26
As of 2017, how much water is still left in Lake Mead (LA)?
40%
27
How much water does it take to irrigate one acre?
27,154 gallons of water will cover one acre , one inch deep
28
How far away is water being sourced to refill The Edwards Aquifer?
100 miles away
29
In 2010, how many dams were there worldwide?
845,000
30
How many acres a second are deforested in the Amazon rainforest?
2 football fields a second
31
How much did water availability decrease between 1950 and 2005?
34-76%
32
What is the definition of water insecurity?
It occurs when the demand of the population exceeds the availability of the water sources.
33
What percentage of the earths water is fit for human consumption?
3%
34
How many people experience the problem of water shortages?
2.7 billion
35
How many people lack access to safe water?
1 in 9
36
What is salt water encroachment?
The movement of saline water into fresh water aquifers.
37
What does the population growth rate vary between?
2.2% and 3.8%
38
What are 6 physical causes for water insecurity?
Population growth, Food production, Climate Change and vulnerability, Land use, Water quality , Water demand
39
How much of an increase of agricultural water consumption will we see by 2050?
19%
40
How many gallons per day does the average American use compared to how is needed to sustain a human?
158 gallons - 12 gallons
41
What is the average precipitation rate in tropical climates?
No less than 1,680 mm and can exceed 10m
42
How many tributaries does the Amazon Rainforest have?
17
43
How much freshwater is expelled from the Amazon River into the Atlantic Ocean every second?
Around 7,381,000 cubic
44
Is the soil in tropical rainforests high or low in nutrients?
Low
45
How many square kilometres on either side of the equator did tropical rainforests occupy and how many do they now?
Was 24 million, now 10 million
46
How many degrees latitude are tropical climates normally found at?
10 degrees North and South of the equator
47
What is the mean monthly temperature in tropical climates?
18 degrees minimum
48
What percentage of the forest floor receives sunlight?
2%
49
What is the evapotranspiration rate in tropical climates?
<0.25
50
Over a year, how much does the average temperature vary?
2 degrees
51
What is the length and source of the River Nile?
4,345 miles long and it’s source is in Rio Mantaro located in Huancayo Peru
52
When is there the least and most discharge in the Amazon?
In hot months of September to November there is least precipitation and discharge and in cooler months of January to June precipitation peaks with highest discharge.
53
Role of geology on the Amazon river ?
Made from sedimentary layers of soft clay and sand deposits. Few rocks survive journey from Andes and the soil is thin and lack of nutrients due to erosion.
54
What are the inputs and outputs of the Amazon river?
Precipitation of up to 3000mm in a year and the outputs are river discharge at 209,000 m3/s
55
What is the climate in the Amazon basin ?
In Peru at source it’s warm and humid all year with average temperatures of 31 degrees, as you move down stream climate is similar but temperature decreases to 17 degrees. Nearer the mouth in Brazil it’s a tropical climate with no defined seasons.
56
Where is the Yukon River basin and how big is it?
Located between the Yukon Territory in Canada and Alaska over 330,000 m2 and 1,980 miles in length.
57
Geology of the Yukon River Basin?
Many types of rock including igneous and metamorphic. There’s also a needle leaf forest , ice and shrub lands with permafrost dominating the Yukon River basin.
58
What is the hydrology of the Yukon River basin?
Drains from the east to west and basin is usually frozen for 8 months of the year.
59
Climate in the Yukon river basin?
Varies but precipitation annually is 19 inches a year, with average temperatures at 30 degrees in summer and -40 degrees in winter.
60
How many people live within the Nile basin?
Over 300 million
61
What percentage of water is abstracted for Egypt?
95%
62
How long is the Nile?
6,700km long
63
In what year was the Nile agreement?
1929
64
For water conflicts to develop what figure does it have to be below?
1,000 cubic meters per person
65
With the water allocation agreement what countries did it favour?
Egypt and Sudan
66
The Nile is sourced by how many countries?
11
67
What are the names of all the Nile states?
Tanzania, Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi, Congo-Kinshasa, Kenya ,Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt
68
What are the 2 main tributaries of the Nile?
White Nile and Blue Nile
69
Approximately what percentage of the world’s population live within a drainage basin?
40%
70
When did decline in precipitation in Australia first set in ?
1970
71
By what percentage will average rainfall decline by over south west Australia later this century?
65.0 km3
72
By what percentage has groundwater extraction increased between the early 1980s and early 2000s in Australia?
100%
73
How long did the drought in Australia last for ?
Over a decade from late 1990s to 2010
74
How long has the Sahel been suffering from drought?
Since 1980
75
What human activities contribute to drought?
overgrazing, over cultivation, collection of firewood
76
How many children under 5 in the Sahel are a risk of acute malnutrition due to drought?
1 million
77
How much was grain production down by in the Sahel?
36% down on the previous year and 20% lower than the average for the past 5 years
78
How long are growing seasons in the Sahel?
1 - 2 months per year
79
How many aquifers does Singapore have?
0
80
The demand for water in Singapore is expected to_______ in the next 50 years.
double
81
How much water can be lost from a typical kitchen leak?
10,000 litres
82
Households participating in the water conservation awareness programme save up to how what % of water each month?
5%
83
PUB () encourages businesses in Singapore to cut down on water usage by what % ?
10%
84
Why are water prices high in Singapore?
To try and reduce water consumption.
85
How are leaks minimised in Singapore?
Replacing ageing pipes
86
What has Singapore's water consumption dropped to since 2003?
From 165 litres per day to 151 litres per day
87
What does Singapore aim to reduce its water consumption to?
147 litres by 2020 and 140 litres by 2030
88
What do some hotels in Singapore do to reduce water consumption?
Encourage guests to re-use linen and towels to save laundry water.
89
State 3 ways humans can disrupt the drainage basin cycle
deforestation ,changing land use , creating new water storage reservoirs or by over abstracting water
90
Where is Amazonia?
In the Amazon rainforest located in South America.
91
How many square km does the Amazon basin cover?
7,000,000 km squared
92
What % of the Amazon rainforest is in Brazil?
60%
93
What is the annual rate of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest? (km squared )
27,423 km squared deforested a year ( current of 2004)
94
In August 2017 ,what did Brazilian president Michel Temer implement to promote conservation in the Amazon?
Established an Amazonian nature reserve the size of Denmark.
95
Between 2000 and 2006 how much forest did Brazil loose?
150,000 km squared of Amazon deforested
96
Name a manmade dam in Brazil
Lake Balbina was created to supple HEP to the city of Manaus in Brazil.
97
How much does cattle farming make up the reason for deforestation in the Amazon rainforest?
Cattle farming makes up for 60% of deforestation in the Amazon
98
What does the Amazon River measure from Mouth to Source?
6275 km long

A-level Geography water facts (1 decks)

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