Factors of development or hinderance Flashcards
1
Q
Government - Industrial Revolution
A
- At first, there was little government intervention in public health in terms of infrastructure or medicine. As a result, general public health was awful and there were numerous out breaks of disease (cholera).
- The attitude of the public was laisse-faire and they didn’t want to invest money in public health infrastructure.
- After many epidemics of cholera (1831, 1832, 1848, 1850s) and the Great Stink of 1858 the government decided that they had to take some action to improve things.
- Chadwick report of 1842 instigated Public Health acts of 1848 and 1875.
- Liberal reforms in the early 20th century including the national insurance act of 1911
(The government originally ignored the importance of Edward Jenner’s small pox vaccine in 1798?)
2
Q
Government - Middle ages
A
- Little government intervention as the church was the main authority and they had no money.
- They made some attempt to inflict fines on those who polluted or contaminated public places but it had little impact.
3
Q
Government - Egyptians
A
No public health but figures of authority like pharaohs commissioned specialist doctors that had the best knowledge in their field.
4
Q
Government - Romans
A
- The Roman government ensured order and control, investing their accumulated wealth from their booming economy in trade in an advanced public health infrastructure.
- The reason they developed public health so much was purely economical. They wanted a strong, healthy army and slaves that could work productively, unhindered by disease.
5
Q
Government - Renaissance
A
- They did not immediately accept the revolutionary ideas of Harvey and Vesalius and public health was still pretty awful.
6
Q
Religion - Egyptians
A
- Mummification advanced knowledge of the body but it wasn’t common knowledge because the embalmers were outcast from society.
- They valued cleanliness and some public health for religious reasons.
- A lot of their treatments were supernatural and they believed God’s caused disease.
7
Q
Religion - Greek
A
- Slightly derailed as Hippocrates advocated natural treatments
- Still had supernatural treatments
- Asclepion (the temple of the god of healing)
8
Q
Religion - Roman
A
- Belief in Gods as a cause of disease
- Sacrifices?
- Asclepius
9
Q
Religion - Middle age
A
- The church were the most powerful authority. They controlled education completely
- Enforced many of Galen’s incorrect theories as correct because they agreed with religion.
- Monks were the only literate people and so they preserved some knowledge from the Greeks and Romans
- Monasteries were the only places with fresh water and they cared about cleanliness.
- Almost all treatments and beliefs about causes of disease involved a religious element because of the church’s undisputed control
10
Q
Religion - Renaissance
A
- The period in which common belief moved away from purely religious explanations. Scientists looked more to the empirical evidence around them in order to generate their own theories
- The great plague in 1665 had religious elements to its treatment
- Some people stuck conservatively to tradition and so religion, claiming it was a wrong or blasphemous to challenge Galen. This meant the ideas of Vesalius and Harvey were not assimilated into common belief until long after they made their discoveries.
11
Q
War - Roman
A
- Almost of all the Roman ideals to do with public health were based of the importance of a strong army
- The extensive Roman Empire required a fit and healthy army to defend it and slaves to sustain it
- For these reasons the Romans place a great deal of importance on public health and decent treatment
- In the end, war ended the Roman Empire.
12
Q
War - Middle ages
A
- Medical knowledge in the middle ages was extremely limited due to the fall of the Roman Empire and the destruction of Greek and Roman ideas that this ensured
- There was little defined authority because Europe had been reduced to warring clans
- Surgery was able to progress as surgeons had to find innovative ways or dealing with all kinds of battle wounds, and fast! (Seen in the example of the surgeon John Bradmore)
13
Q
War - Modern (about 1860 onwards)
A
- The use of x-rays (invented in 1895) were put into common use during world war I has they could be used to locate bullet and bits of shrapnel in wounds
- Blood groups (discovered in 1900) could be used to perform otherwise unsuccessful blood transfusions
- In 1941 scientist Florey and Chain fought to make penicillin readily avaliable to soliders dying of infections. They suceeded.
- World war II initiated some public health reforms as when thousands of evacuees were sent out to the country side some middle class families could see the awful malnourished state of the inner city children
- After the devastation of wold war II there was a shift in public attitudes towards wanting the government to intervene in public and have greater responsibilities
- This helped to encourage the formation of the NHS
14
Q
Wealth - Egytians
A
- The Nile was a big source of trade and industry.
They could import and export all kinds of spices and goods, making their economy very successful. - This meant they could invest a little bit more in education and medicine, as well as being exposed to types of treatments from abroad.
15
Q
Wealth - The Romans
A
- The Roman slave industry and the extensive Empire meant they were a very rich civilization.
- They used this wealth to invest in sophisticated public health infrastructure
