Factors limiting exercise

Question 1

Effect of altitude on performance? (PO2)

Answer 1

lower PO2 results in poorer aerobic performance

Question 2

Effect of altitude on VO2 max?

Answer 2

decreased VO2 max (3% for each 1000ft elevation)

Question 3

At what elevation do you start losing cardiac output due to a fall in max HR?

Answer 3

elevations higher than 12,000ft

Question 4

How does altitude effect RPE?

Answer 4

RPE is greater due to working at higher percentage of VO2 reserve

Question 5

Effect of altitude on submaximal exercise?

Answer 5

• higher heart rate due to lower oxygen content (heart needs to beat faster)
• requires higher ventilation due to reduction in number of oxygen molecules per liter of air

Question 6

What is the Hypoxia ventilatory response (HVR)?

Answer 6

increased ventilation to maintain arterial oxygen content

Question 7

What kind of hypoxia ventilatory response do fit athletes have at sea level?

Answer 7

blunted HVR => poor performance at altitude

Question 8

What is the most important adaptation that occurs with exposure to high altitude?

Answer 8

production of more RBCs and an increased blood viscosity

Question 9

What do climbers do to be successful in high altitudes?

Answer 9

hyperventilation - decreases acidity and increases oxygen binding to hemoglobin

Question 10

Effect of training at altitude on VO2max for trained individuals?

Answer 10

1-8% increase, due to degree of saturation of hemoglobin

Question 11

Advantages of living high and training low?

Answer 11

increase hemoglobin by living at high altitudes and being able to increase training intensity by training at low altitudes

Question 12

Altitude related illness is due to what?

Answer 12

due to a lack of partial pressure of oxygen in the blood stream

Question 13

3 types of altitude related illness?

Answer 13

• Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)
• High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)
• High-Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)

Question 14

Neurological changes associated with increased altitude?

Answer 14

• loss of consciousness
• hallucinations
• learning and special memory impaired
• dizziness and tingling

Question 15

Health risk to exercising in hot/humid environments?

Answer 15

Inability to lose heat to maintain homeostasis

• impaired performance
• hyperthermia

Question 16

Cardiovascular response to exercising in heat?

Answer 16

• active muscles and skin compete for blood supply
• SV decreases
• HR gradually increases to compensate for lower SV

Question 17

What metabolic cycle maintains lactate levels in the blood?

Answer 17

Cori Cycle

Question 18

Metabolic response to exercise in the heat?

Answer 18

the body is unable to remove lacate efficiently so lactate levels increase in the blood

Question 19

High volumes of sweat cause what effects to the body?

Answer 19

• blood volume decreases
• loss of minerals and electrolytes
• lack of urination due to a loss of water reabsorption

Question 20

5 heat related problems?

Answer 20

• hyperthermia
• heat cramps - due to high levels of lactate and loss of electrolytes
• heat exhaustion
• heat stroke
• heat syncope

Question 21

6 symptoms of acclimatization to the heat?

Answer 21

• decreased HR, core and skin temperature at rest and submax exercise
• increased plasma volume at rest
• earlier onset of sweating
• higher sweat rate and capacity
• reduced sodium chloride loss in sweat
• reduced skin blood flow

Question 22

How to achieve acclimatization to heat?

Answer 22

exercise in the heat for an hour a day for 10-14 days at less than 50% of your VO2 reserve or 30-35 min a day at 75% of VO2 max

Question 23

How does your heart rate respond to cold?

Answer 23

increase

Question 24

What occurs cardiovascularly at 93.2 degrees F

Answer 24

initial tachycardia progresses to brachycardia

Question 25

What occurs cardiovascularly at 86 degrees?

Answer 25

atrial fibrillation and brachycardia

Question 26

what occurs cardiovascularly at 66 degrees?

Answer 26

asystole - heart stops

Question 27

Respiratory response to cold temp?

Answer 27

• initially increases but then depresses at 87.8 degrees F
• increase mucous production
• impaired oxygen delivery to the tissues

Question 28

Long-term cold acclimatization involves what three things?

Answer 28

1) increased basal metabolic rate
2) decreased peripheral circulation
3) increased body fat