factors impacting health and wellbeing Flashcards

1
Q

biological factors (7)

A
factors that relate to the body that impact health and wellbeing. they include:
body weight 
age
blood pressure
blood cholesterol
blood glucose regulation
birth weight 
genetics
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2
Q

risks of a high body weight (7)

A
the higher the body weight, the higher the risk of
high blood cholesterol
high blood pressure
impaired glucose regulation
type 2 diabetes
arthritis 
mental health conditions
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3
Q

how do people get a high body weight

A

genetics can play a role in body weight but the main cause is an imbalance between energy consumed and energy expended

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4
Q

body weight BMI

A

BMI: an index of weight for height, is used to classify people as overweight or obese
Kg/Height (m^2), a BMI of 25-29.9 indicates overweight and 30 is obesity

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5
Q

body weight waist circumference

A

Waist circumference: used as an indicator for body weight (greater than 88 for women and 102 for men indicates a higher risk)

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6
Q

body weight obesity

A

Obesity: the carrying of excess body weight in the form of fat. A BMI in excess of 3O is considered obese

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7
Q

blood pressure how is it measured

A

Blood pressure is normally reported as the systolic over the diastolic figure. 120/80 indicates a normal blood pressure
Systolic: heart contracts
Diastolic: relaxes

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8
Q

blood pressure hypertension

A

means high blood pressure
hypertension is when blood is not able to flow as easily through the blood vessels because of blockages which are caused by the build up of plaque. This means their heart and kidneys (which regulate blood pressure and filter blood) have to work harder

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9
Q

risks of high blood pressure (4)

A

leads to hypertension which can cause
restricted blood flow
increased pressure on the heart and kidneys
kidney failure
cardiovascular disease (heart attacks and strokes)

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10
Q

what can cause hypertension (5)

A
The risk factors for hypertension are:
Stress
Smoking
excessive alcohol consumption
Genetic predisposition 
Poor diet
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11
Q

blood cholesterol what is cholesterol

A

cholesterol is an essential type of fat for bodily processes. it is created in the liver however people consume additional amounts from animal products.

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12
Q

types of cholesterol

A

Low density lipoprotein (LDL), known as bad cholesterol. When there is too much LDL the the blood, it tends to be deposited on the walls of the blood vessels giving it less room to travel (gets stuck on walls of blood vessels causing a smaller space for blood to move through)
High density lipoprotein known as good cholesterol

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13
Q

blood cholesterol risks to health

A

if too much cholesterol is produced the risk of cardiovascular disease, such as strokes and coronary heart disease increases. (blood cannot travel around the body)
Too much LDL leads to Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis: the build up of plaque, caused by excess cholesterol resulting in hardening and loss of elasticity of blood vessels (caused by consuming too many trans fats)

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14
Q

blood glucose regulation

what is insulin resistance? impaired glucose regulation

A

when blood glucose levels are consistently high, insulin levels are also high. When this occurs over a long period of time cells become resistant to the action of insulin, preventing glucose from being absorbed

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15
Q

what can insulin resistance cause

A

Insulin resistance is a precursor to type 2 diabetes and increases the risk of kidney disease, cardiovascular disease and premature death

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16
Q

what causes insulin resistance (3)

A

Genetic predisposition
Smoking
Obesity

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17
Q

birth weight

A

babies born with a low birth weight (under 2.5kg) are more likely to suffer a range of health conditions during infancy and have been linked to increased health concerns later in life

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18
Q

risks of low birth weight

A

Underdeveloped immune system (more likely to suffer infections)
speech and learning disabilities
In adulthood, high blood pressure, type two diabetes, cardiovascular disease

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19
Q

sociocultural (9)

A
aspects of society and the social environment that impact on health and wellbeing 
includes:
SES
housing issues 
level of education
food security 
employment status 
early life experiences 
social networks
access to health care 
social isolation and exclusion
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20
Q

access to health care

what is health care

A

Health care refers to services that promote and preserve health. These services diagnose, treat and/or manage disease and illness.

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21
Q

risks of not being able to get health care

A

premature death
treatable conditions go undiagnosed
higher morality rate from treatable conditions

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22
Q

cultural and financial barriers health care

A

cultural: language, religious beliefs, lack of understanding of western medicine can mean that some population groups are less likely to access health care e.g. indigenous Australians
financial barriers: (low SES) restricts the type of health care available including care such as private insurance and dental care
literacy barriers

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23
Q

food security

A

food security relates to the state in which all people can obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food through local sources

24
Q

what is food insecurity

food security

A

when people are unable to access adequate food sources due to lack of knowledge (health illiteracy) and low income

25
Q

impacts of low income on food security (3)

A

*People who can’t afford healthy and nutritious foods can be forced to buy cheaper, processed foods. Higher in fat, sugar & salt. Can lead to diet related diseases such as obesity diabetes and CVD.
type 2 Diabetes and anemia (lack of iron)

26
Q

impacts of health literacy on food security

A

*Information and education about healthy and nutritious foods is required to influence healthy food purchases.

27
Q

SES

A

Generally the wealthy you are, the healthy you are. Those who experience the worst health outcomes are often poorer people. There is a r/ship between risk taking behaviours and SES. Income, Occupation, Education = SES

28
Q

impacts of low ses(3)

A

People who are more socioeconomically disadvantaged are

  • Less likely to take notice of health promotion messages,
  • More likely to smoke and be obese due to poor nutrition and physical inactivity
  • Experience overcrowding housing conditions
29
Q

social isolation

A

Social isolation: refers to individuals who are not in regular contact with others. a result of geographical barriers (farmers, remote areas) which limit peoples ability to interact with others

30
Q

social exclusion

A

the segregation people experience if they are not adequately participating in society. people with mental illness, disability or homelessness are more likely to experience this

31
Q

impacts of social exclusion and isolation and reasoning

9

A

can cause
substance abuse
mental health conditions
stress
suicide and self harm
social isolation can cause these as people may not have anyone to talk to about their feelings/what they’re going through
social exclusion can cause these as people obtain feelings of not being good enough, not belonging to the community, low self esteem/ confidence

32
Q

employment status and unemployment

A

Employment provides a sense of identity, social status and purpose in life.
Unemployment: being without work or a steady amount of income

33
Q

risks of employment status on health

A

Employment related health problems may relate to injuries sustained at work, especially in the physical tasks some jobs require.
Unemployment: puts financial strain on individuals and families as well as poor mental health outcomes, stress anxiety, loss of identity, poor self esteem and social isolation
Unemployment has a significant impact on physical and mental health. Those who are unemployed experience higher rates of premature death such as suicide, lung cancer and cardiovascular disease and substance abuse.
Children with parents who are unemployed also experience negative health outcomes and more likely to have serious chronic diseases.
Ill health that causes unemployment (such as an injury or illness), and for others it is unemployment that causes health problems (such as stress and depression).

34
Q

early life experiences

A

the behaviour of the pregnant mother can have an effect on the unborn child. Maternal tobacco, alcohol and drug use, and maternal nutrition and exposure to certain chemicals, bacteria and viruses during pregnancy can all have significant impacts on the individual after birth and into adulthood

35
Q

impacts of early life experiences

A

low birth weight, increased risk of infections and higher under-5 mortality rates. In later life, some of these experiences can contribute to higher rates of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Abuse or neglect during the early years affects brain function and development and contributes to emotional and behavioural problems later in life, including tobacco and substance use.
Slowed growth during infancy may lead to impaired cardiovascular, respiratory and kidney function, which can lead to illness in later life.

36
Q

level of education

A

A person who has a high level of education is more likely to work in a high paying job. As the level of education increases, in general so does the status of occupation and the average income
health literate: the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.

37
Q

impacts of education level

A

health literacy can promote healthy lifestyles and knowing when to access health care when required.
helps decrease the impacts of preventable and treatable conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancers, respiratory diseases and type two diabetes

low health literacy = opposite plus more likely to smoke/ be obese due to poor nutrition and physical inactivity

38
Q

housing issues (overcrowding and homelessness)

A

Overcrowding puts increased strain on infrastructure such as water supply and sewerage.

39
Q

impacts of overcrowding and homelessness

A

Overcrowding has a significant impact on children causing respiratory conditions, skin infections and meningitis, as well as injuries due to poor safety features within the home. Overcrowding is also linked to homelessness which is linked to a range of health concerns including mental health disorders

40
Q

social networks

A

Social networks increase overall health outcomes and wellbeing. They increase self esteem and mental health. High levels of social support leads to increased physical health through protection of disease and death.

41
Q

environmental factors

A
aspects of society and the social environment that impact on health and wellbeing 
includes:
air water and sanitation quality
access to physical resources 
workplace 
climate change and natural disasters 
housing physical condition
42
Q

workplace

A

Many Australians spend significant time at their place of work, as a result it plays a significant role in determining health.

43
Q

risks of workplace to health

A

Risks – high UV exposure – skin cancer
Accidents and injuries in the workplace – work safe
Exposure to hazardous substances – asbestos, paint, fuel, gases, acids etc
Seating arrangements –lack of physical activity, back problems

44
Q

how does workplace contribute to health and wellbeing

A

Protection from sun – Sun smart
Work safe practices – laws
Back supports, physical health and movement in the workplace supported

45
Q

climate change and natural disasters

A

Australias averring climates affect health status. Aspects such as extreme temperatures, rainfall patterns, and natural disasters such as bushfires, floods, drought and high winds all affect Australian communities.

46
Q

example of how climate change can put peoples health at risk

A

Our climate is generally considered hot and dry, leads to UV exposure and accounts for high rates of melanoma skin cancer
climate change results in increased average temperatures which leads to high levels of bushfires and droughts. Farmers which rely on the land for employment and income could thereby experience higher rates of mental health challenges such as depression/ higher rates of suicide

47
Q

housing

A

includes aspects such as sleep conditions, safety and design,, overcrowding, ventilation and hygiene, pollutants and security

48
Q

how does over crowding risk health (housing)

A

greater risk of mental illness due to increased stress

infectious diseases from lack of hygiene

49
Q

how does sleep conditions risk health (housing)

A

the positioning of the house, the amount of noise present in and around the house and houses around.
houses shook promote good and restful sleep to improve mental health

50
Q

how does safety and design pose a risk to health (housing)

A

e.g. houses with pools/spas/open water have an increased risk of drowning, injury and death if not closed off properly

51
Q

access to physical resources

A

includes access to transport, recreational facilities, infrastructure, healthcare. having access to these resources decreases the risk of poor health as people are more likely to access these health promoting resources if they are easily accessible

52
Q

transport (access to physical resources)

A

If people rely too heavily on transport instead of walking, this can be a risk to health, increasing risk of obesity, CVD, etc.
People need to use transport but also remember to try and walk to the bus, ride to work or school to increase physical activity.
allows people to get around easily
transport can increase relationships with others

53
Q

infrastructure and recreational facilities

A

ensuring our roads are maintained and safe
-adequate lighting and signage -decreases risk of injury and death on roads
adequate water and sanitation facilities facilities ensures reduces risk of water born diseases such as diarrhoea

54
Q

air water and sanitation quality (water)

A

water quality is high in Australia in comparison to other countries and overall has a positive influence on australis health

55
Q

impacts/risks to health (water quality)

A

Poor-quality water can be a risk factor for illness. Unsanitary water can contain harmful bacteria. Diseases associated – gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, etc
Lack of water can lead to dehydration and loss of fluids when experiencing diarrhoea and can lead to loss of life.
A clean and fresh water supply reduces the risks of these illnesses and diseases

56
Q

air quality

A

environmental tobacco smoke, industrial pollution and, pollen and motor vehicle emission can impact negatively on respiratory health

  • asthma
  • lung cancer
  • respiratory conditions