Factors

Question 1

How did war affect surgery?

Answer 1

• Increased the development or surgery as it was important to save soldiers
• Increased infection and deaths
• Created a need for new techniques as there were new wounds due to new weapons
• Plastic surgery to tackle disfiguring injuries
• 1st attempts of brain surgery
• Saline used to fight infection due to deep shrapnel wounds

Question 2

How did beliefs affect surgery?

Answer 2

• Stopped people from wanting to use the discoveries such as chloroform

Question 3

How did science and technology affect surgery?

Answer 3

• The development of bacteriology helped doctors to understand what caused disease and infection
• X-rays developed after 1895
• John Snow’s inhaler 1848
• The mechanism for spraying carbolic acid
• Hypodermic needles invented in 1853

Question 4

How did communication affect surgery?

Answer 4

• Allowed ideas to be shared, developed and trusted
• Germ Theory published led Lister to apply it to infection
• Ideas shared Landsteiner with Rous and Turner
• The lancet allowed doctors to develop or practice new techniques
• Bad communication slowed development and loses trust

Question 5

How did individuals affect surgery?

Answer 5

• Humphrey Davy 1799
• William Morton 1846
• James Sampson 1847
• John Snow 1848
• Louis Pasteur 1861 and 1864
• Joseph Lister 1867
• Karl Lansteiner 1901
• Rous and Turner 1916