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BDS3 Orthodontics > Facial Growth I > Flashcards

Facial Growth I Flashcards

1
Q

why is facial growth important

A

malocclusion determined by size shape and position of the jaws

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2
Q

when is orthodontic surgery carried out

A

once growing has stopped

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3
Q

what are the two phases of life in utero

A

embryonic - 1-8 weeks
foetal - 8 weeks - term

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4
Q

what is a morula

A

collection of like 12 cells floating down the fallopian tube - stage before blastocyst

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5
Q

what is the description of a blastocyst

A

when all the cells go to one side and the structure develops a cyst in the middle and hatches out the egg when it then implants in the uterus

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6
Q

what is the germ disc

A

ectoderm and endoderm

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7
Q

what occurs around day 17

A

the primitive streak appears
ectoderm folds in on itself and produces the mesoderm

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8
Q

what occurs around 25th day

A

somites appear as well as neural groove and has lateral folding
neural tube begins to fuse

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9
Q

what develops the brain and spinal cord

A

the neural tube

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10
Q

what occurs if the neural tube doesnt fuse at 4 weeks

A

spina bifida

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11
Q

what occurs to neural crest cells that are left over after neural tube has fused

A

migrate forward to the front are important in facial development

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12
Q

what cells do neural crest cells develop into

A

spinal and autonomic ganglia
schwann cells
pulp/ dentine/ cementum and PDL

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13
Q

what is another term for neural crest cells

A

ectomesenchyme

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14
Q

what is the first pharyngeal arch split into

A

maxillary and mandibular processes

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15
Q

when does facial formation occur in utero

A

first eight weeks

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16
Q

what does the face develop from

A

neural crest cells migrating forward

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17
Q

when does fusion of the facial process occur

A

week 5-7

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18
Q

what does each of the pharyngeal arches have with them

A

a nerve
group of muscles
arteries and veins

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19
Q

what nerve is associated with the first pharyngeal arch

A

trigeminal

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20
Q

what nerve is associated with the second pharyngeal arch

A

facial

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21
Q

what cartilage is associated with the first pharyngeal arch

A

meckel’s cartilage

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22
Q

what cartilage is associated with the second pharyngeal arch

A

Ricards cartilage

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23
Q

what is meckel’s cartilage

A

a precursor

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24
Q

how do the flat bones of the skull develop

A

intramembranously

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25
Q

how do the bones at the base of the skull develop

A

endochondrally

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26
Q

what is intramembranous bone formation

A

no bone is there before and appears as little speckles of bones that come together and form sutures
bone deposited directly to mesenchymal

27
Q

by which means does the maxilla and most of the mandible develop

A

intramembranous ossification

28
Q

what is endochondral ossification

A

hyaline cartilage exists already which bones replace and leave a little bit of cartilage behind - this is bones that require growth

29
Q

by which means do bones at the base of skill develop

A

endochondral ossification

30
Q

why is it important that there is cartilage left at the nasal septum for growth

A

so the maxilla can grow

31
Q

when does the anterior fontanelle close

A

2 years of age

32
Q

when does the posterior fontanelle close

A

1 year

33
Q

when does growth occur at sutures

A

due to increase intra-cranial pressure

34
Q

when does skull growth continue to

A

7 years

35
Q

how does the mandible develop

A

it arises as different units
condylar unit
angular unit
coronoid unit
alveolar unit

36
Q

what does the condylar unit form by

A

secondary (condylar) cartilage

37
Q

what is primary cartilage

A

meckles cartilage and ricards cartilage

38
Q

what does the angular unit form by

A

in response to medial pterygoid and masseter muscles

39
Q

what does the coronoid unit for by

A

presence of the temporalis muscle

40
Q

what does the alveolar unit form by

A

if there are teeth developing

41
Q

when is there only presence of the body of the mandible

A

if there is presence of the inferior dental nerve

42
Q

what are the three main sites of cartilage in the mandible

A

condylar cartilage
coronoid cartilage
symphyseal

43
Q

when does growth at the condylar cartilage continue until

A

20 years of age

44
Q

what is a primary abnormality

A

defect in structure of an organ that can be traced back to an anomaly in its development

45
Q

what is secondary abnormality

A

interruption of the normal developmental of an organ that can be traced back to other influences

46
Q

what is a deformity

A

mechanical anomaly that occur due to effects on structures (tight band or cord around baby)

47
Q

what is agenesis

A

complete failure of organ during development

48
Q

what is sequence

A

single factor results in numerous secondary effects

49
Q

what is Pierre-Robin syndrome

A

baby has very small mandible - as a result tongue has to sit on the palate - as a result palatal shelves dont come together - cleft palate

50
Q

what is a syndrome

A

group of anomalies that can be traced to a common origin

51
Q

what is foetal alcohol syndrome

A

high maternal intake of alcohol
eyeslits are short
small head (microcephaly)
low nasal bridge
indistinct philtrum
small jaw and thin upper lip

52
Q

what is hemifacial microsomia

A

multifactorial
3D progressive asymmetry
progressively gets worse
cardiac and renal problems

53
Q

what is the treatment for hemifacial microsomia

A

taking a rib and grafting it to the maxilla

54
Q

what is tracher collins syndrome

A

deformity of 1st and 2nd branchial arches
eye slant
coloboma (dip) in the latter third of the eye
missing zygomatic arches

55
Q

when does the lip fuse

A

day 28-38

56
Q

when do the palatal shelves elevate

A

day 42-55

57
Q

where does the lip start from

A

incisive foramen forwards

58
Q

where does the palate start

A

incisive foramen backwards

59
Q

what are dental implications of cleft lip/ palate

A

impacted teeth
crowding
hypodontia
supernumeraries
hypoplastic teeth
caries

60
Q

what is achondroplasia

A

autosomal dominant condition
defects in long bones = short limbs - dwarfism
defects in the base of the skull

61
Q

what is Crouzon’s syndrome

A

autosomal dominant condition
premature closure of cranial sutures
shallow orbits = eyes pop out
eyes far apart
class III malocclusion since mandible grows okay but maxilla doesnt

62
Q

what is distraction osteogenesis

A

breaking the skull bones and pulling them apart slowly
usually used to treat Crouzon’s syndorme

63
Q

what is Apert’s syndrome

A

autosomal dominant
all sutures close early
no skin between fingers and toes

BDS3 Orthodontics (9 decks)

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