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BDS3 Orthodontics > Facial Growth I > Flashcards

Facial Growth I Flashcards

1
Q

why is facial growth important

A

malocclusion determined by size shape and position of the jaws

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2
Q

when is orthodontic surgery carried out

A

once growing has stopped

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3
Q

what are the two phases of life in utero

A

embryonic - 1-8 weeks
foetal - 8 weeks - term

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4
Q

what is a morula

A

collection of like 12 cells floating down the fallopian tube - stage before blastocyst

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5
Q

what is the description of a blastocyst

A

when all the cells go to one side and the structure develops a cyst in the middle and hatches out the egg when it then implants in the uterus

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6
Q

what is the germ disc

A

ectoderm and endoderm

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7
Q

what occurs around day 17

A

the primitive streak appears
ectoderm folds in on itself and produces the mesoderm

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8
Q

what occurs around 25th day

A

somites appear as well as neural groove and has lateral folding
neural tube begins to fuse

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9
Q

what develops the brain and spinal cord

A

the neural tube

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10
Q

what occurs if the neural tube doesnt fuse at 4 weeks

A

spina bifida

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11
Q

what occurs to neural crest cells that are left over after neural tube has fused

A

migrate forward to the front are important in facial development

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12
Q

what cells do neural crest cells develop into

A

spinal and autonomic ganglia
schwann cells
pulp/ dentine/ cementum and PDL

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13
Q

what is another term for neural crest cells

A

ectomesenchyme

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14
Q

what is the first pharyngeal arch split into

A

maxillary and mandibular processes

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15
Q

when does facial formation occur in utero

A

first eight weeks

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16
Q

what does the face develop from

A

neural crest cells migrating forward

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17
Q

when does fusion of the facial process occur

A

week 5-7

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18
Q

what does each of the pharyngeal arches have with them

A

a nerve
group of muscles
arteries and veins

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19
Q

what nerve is associated with the first pharyngeal arch

A

trigeminal

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20
Q

what nerve is associated with the second pharyngeal arch

A

facial

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21
Q

what cartilage is associated with the first pharyngeal arch

A

meckel’s cartilage

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22
Q

what cartilage is associated with the second pharyngeal arch

A

Ricards cartilage

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23
Q

what is meckel’s cartilage

A

a precursor

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24
Q

how do the flat bones of the skull develop

A

intramembranously

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25
how do the bones at the base of the skull develop
endochondrally
26
what is intramembranous bone formation
no bone is there before and appears as little speckles of bones that come together and form sutures bone deposited directly to mesenchymal
27
by which means does the maxilla and most of the mandible develop
intramembranous ossification
28
what is endochondral ossification
hyaline cartilage exists already which bones replace and leave a little bit of cartilage behind - this is bones that require growth
29
by which means do bones at the base of skill develop
endochondral ossification
30
why is it important that there is cartilage left at the nasal septum for growth
so the maxilla can grow
31
when does the anterior fontanelle close
2 years of age
32
when does the posterior fontanelle close
1 year
33
when does growth occur at sutures
due to increase intra-cranial pressure
34
when does skull growth continue to
7 years
35
how does the mandible develop
it arises as different units condylar unit angular unit coronoid unit alveolar unit
36
what does the condylar unit form by
secondary (condylar) cartilage
37
what is primary cartilage
meckles cartilage and ricards cartilage
38
what does the angular unit form by
in response to medial pterygoid and masseter muscles
39
what does the coronoid unit for by
presence of the temporalis muscle
40
what does the alveolar unit form by
if there are teeth developing
41
when is there only presence of the body of the mandible
if there is presence of the inferior dental nerve
42
what are the three main sites of cartilage in the mandible
condylar cartilage coronoid cartilage symphyseal
43
when does growth at the condylar cartilage continue until
20 years of age
44
what is a primary abnormality
defect in structure of an organ that can be traced back to an anomaly in its development
45
what is secondary abnormality
interruption of the normal developmental of an organ that can be traced back to other influences
46
what is a deformity
mechanical anomaly that occur due to effects on structures (tight band or cord around baby)
47
what is agenesis
complete failure of organ during development
48
what is sequence
single factor results in numerous secondary effects
49
what is Pierre-Robin syndrome
baby has very small mandible - as a result tongue has to sit on the palate - as a result palatal shelves dont come together - cleft palate
50
what is a syndrome
group of anomalies that can be traced to a common origin
51
what is foetal alcohol syndrome
high maternal intake of alcohol eyeslits are short small head (microcephaly) low nasal bridge indistinct philtrum small jaw and thin upper lip
52
what is hemifacial microsomia
multifactorial 3D progressive asymmetry progressively gets worse cardiac and renal problems
53
what is the treatment for hemifacial microsomia
taking a rib and grafting it to the maxilla
54
what is tracher collins syndrome
deformity of 1st and 2nd branchial arches eye slant coloboma (dip) in the latter third of the eye missing zygomatic arches
55
when does the lip fuse
day 28-38
56
when do the palatal shelves elevate
day 42-55
57
where does the lip start from
incisive foramen forwards
58
where does the palate start
incisive foramen backwards
59
what are dental implications of cleft lip/ palate
impacted teeth crowding hypodontia supernumeraries hypoplastic teeth caries
60
what is achondroplasia
autosomal dominant condition defects in long bones = short limbs - dwarfism defects in the base of the skull
61
what is Crouzon's syndrome
autosomal dominant condition premature closure of cranial sutures shallow orbits = eyes pop out eyes far apart class III malocclusion since mandible grows okay but maxilla doesnt
62
what is distraction osteogenesis
breaking the skull bones and pulling them apart slowly usually used to treat Crouzon's syndorme
63
what is Apert's syndrome
autosomal dominant all sutures close early no skin between fingers and toes

BDS3 Orthodontics (9 decks)

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